Files
openclaw/src
LowCode191 4001be54e4 fix(agents): catch malformed image blocks in sanitizeContentBlocksImages (#92792)
* fix(agents): catch malformed image blocks in sanitizeContentBlocksImages

* fix(agents): sanitize malformed-only image results

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Co-authored-by: Vincent Koc <25068+vincentkoc@users.noreply.github.com>
2026-06-14 10:24:48 +08:00
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