openclaw/docs/concepts/queue.md

summary, read_when, title

summary	read_when	title
Auto-reply queue modes, defaults, and per-session overrides	Changing auto-reply execution or concurrency Explaining /queue modes or message steering behavior	Command queue

OpenClaw serializes inbound auto-reply runs (all channels) through a tiny in-process queue to prevent multiple agent runs from colliding, while still allowing safe parallelism across sessions.

Why

• Auto-reply runs can be expensive (LLM calls) and can collide when multiple inbound messages arrive close together.
• Serializing avoids competing for shared resources (session state, logs, CLI stdin) and reduces the chance of upstream rate limits.

How it works

• A lane-aware FIFO queue drains each lane with a configurable concurrency cap (default 1 for unconfigured lanes; main uses min(16, max(8, available CPU parallelism)), and subagent defaults to 8).
• runEmbeddedAgent enqueues by session key (lane session:<key>) to guarantee only one active run per session.
• Each session run is then queued into a global lane (main by default) so overall parallelism is capped by agents.defaults.maxConcurrent.
• When verbose logging is enabled, queued runs emit a short notice if they waited more than ~2s before starting.
• Typing indicators still fire immediately on enqueue (when supported by the channel) so user experience is unchanged while the run waits its turn.

Defaults

When unset, all inbound channel surfaces use:

• mode: "steer"
• debounceMs: 500
• cap: 20
• drop: "summarize"

Same-turn steering is the default. A prompt that arrives mid-run is injected into the active runtime when the run can accept steering, so no second session run is started. If the active run cannot accept steering, OpenClaw waits for the active run to finish before starting the prompt.

Queue modes

/queue controls what normal inbound messages do while a session already has an active run:

• steer: inject messages into the active runtime. OpenClaw lets an already-running tool finish, skips sequential calls that have not started, and makes the steer visible before the next tool launch or model decision. Parallel calls continue once their batch has crossed its launch checkpoint. Codex app-server receives one batched turn/steer and applies it at the next model boundary. If the run is not actively streaming or steering is unavailable, OpenClaw waits until the active run ends before starting the prompt.
• followup: do not steer. Enqueue each message for a later agent turn after the current run ends.
• collect: do not steer. Coalesce queued messages into a single followup turn after the quiet window. If messages target different channels/threads, they drain individually to preserve routing.
• interrupt: abort the active run for that session, then run the newest message.

For runtime-specific timing and dependency behavior, see Steering queue. For the explicit /steer <message> command, see Steer.

Configure globally or per channel via messages.queue:

{
  messages: {
    queue: {
      mode: "steer",
      debounceMs: 500,
      cap: 20,
      drop: "summarize",
      byChannel: { discord: "collect" },
    },
  },
}

Queue options

Options apply to queued delivery. debounceMs also sets the Codex steering quiet window in steer mode:

• debounceMs: quiet window before draining queued followups or collect batches; in Codex steer mode, quiet window before sending batched turn/steer. Bare numbers are milliseconds; units ms, s, m, h, and d are accepted by /queue options.
• cap: max queued messages per session. Values below 1 are ignored.
• drop: "summarize" (default): drop the oldest queued entries as needed, keep compact summaries, and inject them as a synthetic followup prompt.
• drop: "old": drop the oldest queued entries as needed, without preserving summaries.
• drop: "new": reject the newest message when the queue is already full.

Defaults: debounceMs: 500, cap: 20, drop: summarize.

Steer and streaming

When channel streaming is partial or block, steering can look like several short visible replies while the active run reaches runtime boundaries:

• partial: the preview may finalize early, then a new preview starts after steering is accepted.
• block: draft-sized blocks can create the same sequential appearance.
• Without streaming, steering falls back to a followup after the active run when the runtime cannot accept same-turn steering.

steer does not abort in-flight tools. Skipped OpenClaw tool calls receive synthetic paired error results so the transcript remains valid. Use /queue interrupt when the newest message should abort the current run.

Precedence

For mode selection, OpenClaw resolves:

1. Inline or stored per-session /queue override.
2. messages.queue.byChannel.<channel>.
3. messages.queue.mode.
4. Default steer.

For options, inline or stored /queue options win over config. Then channel-specific debounce (messages.queue.debounceMsByChannel), plugin debounce defaults, global messages.queue options, and built-in defaults are applied, in that order. cap and drop are global/session options, not per-channel config keys.

Per-session overrides

• Send /queue <steer|followup|collect|interrupt> as a standalone command to store the queue mode for the current session.
• Options can be combined: /queue collect debounce:0.5s cap:25 drop:summarize
• /queue default or /queue reset clears the session override.

Queued-turn cancellation

While a prompt sits in the followup/collect queue (for example a TUI or webchat chat.send arriving while another turn is active), Gateway keeps a Gateway-owned cancel identity for that client runId until the queued content runs or is dropped. The identity follows content folded into an overflow summary.

• chat.abort with a specific runId cancels that turn while it is still queued, if the requester is authorized (same ownership rules as active runs).
• chat.abort for a session without runId cancels authorized queued turns first, then aborts authorized active runs. That order prevents queue drain from promoting work into a half-stopped session.
• Clearing the entire session queue without per-requester checks is not the stop path for multi-owner sessions.
• Queued waits are not projected as active agent runs for sessions.list and do not own active-run timeout semantics; only the active phase does.

Gateway-backed clients (including openclaw tui) forward mid-run prompts and let the Gateway apply the queue mode. Esc//stop uses a session-scoped abort so lost local handles cannot leave a still-queued prompt running.

openclaw chat and openclaw tui --local apply the same four modes in the embedded runtime. Local steer injects into an active embedded run when that runtime accepts steering and otherwise becomes a followup; followup and collect remain local pending work; interrupt aborts the active local run before starting the newest message. The explicit /steer <message> command is not a local-mode command.

Scope and guarantees

• Applies to auto-reply agent runs across all inbound channels that use the gateway reply pipeline (WhatsApp web, Telegram, Slack, Discord, Signal, iMessage, webchat, etc.).
• Default lane (main) is process-wide for inbound + main heartbeats; set agents.defaults.maxConcurrent to allow multiple sessions in parallel.
• Additional lanes may exist (e.g. cron, cron-nested, nested, subagent) so background jobs can run in parallel without blocking inbound replies. Isolated cron agent turns hold a cron slot while their inner agent execution uses cron-nested. Shared non-cron nested flows keep their own lane behavior. These detached runs are tracked as background tasks.
• Per-session lanes guarantee that only one agent run touches a given session at a time.
• No external dependencies or background worker threads; pure TypeScript + promises.

Troubleshooting

• If commands seem stuck, enable verbose logs and look for "queued for ...ms" lines to confirm the queue is draining.
• Codex app-server runs that accept a turn and then stop emitting progress are interrupted by the Codex adapter so the active session lane can release instead of waiting for the outer run timeout.
• When diagnostics are enabled, sessions that remain in processing past the built-in warning threshold with no observed reply, tool, status, block, or ACP progress are classified by current activity:
  • Active work with recent progress logs as session.long_running. Owned silent model calls also stay session.long_running until the built-in abort threshold so slow or non-streaming providers are not reported as stalled too early.
  • Active work with no recent progress logs as session.stalled; owned model calls, blocked tool calls, and stalled embedded runs switch to session.stalled at or after the abort threshold. Ownerless stale model/tool activity is not hidden as long-running.
  • session.stuck is reserved for recoverable stale session bookkeeping, including idle queued sessions with stale ownerless model/tool activity.
  • session.stuck always triggers recovery that can release the affected session lane. A session.stalled classification past the abort threshold (blocked tool call, stalled model call, or stalled embedded run) can also trigger active-abort recovery, so both classifications can unstick a queue, not only session.stuck.
  • Repeated session.stuck and session.long_running warning log lines back off exponentially while the session remains unchanged; recovery attempts still run on every heartbeat tick regardless of that backoff.

Related

• Session management
• Steering queue
• Steer
• Retry policy