openclaw/docs/concepts/agent-runtimes.md

summary, title, read_when

summary	title	read_when
How OpenClaw separates model providers, models, channels, and agent runtimes	Agent runtimes	You are choosing between OpenClaw, Codex, ACP, or another native agent runtime You are confused by provider/model/runtime labels in status or config You are documenting support parity for a native harness

An agent runtime owns one prepared model loop: it receives the prompt, drives model output, handles native tool calls, and returns the finished turn to OpenClaw.

Runtimes are easy to confuse with providers because both show up near model configuration. They are different layers:

Layer	Examples	Meaning
Provider	anthropic, github-copilot, openai	How OpenClaw authenticates, discovers models, and names model refs.
Model	claude-opus-4-6, gpt-5.6-sol	The model selected for the agent turn.
Agent runtime	claude-cli, codex, copilot, openclaw	The low-level loop or backend that executes the prepared turn.
Channel	Discord, Slack, Telegram, WhatsApp	Where messages enter and leave OpenClaw.

A harness is the implementation that provides an agent runtime (code term). For example, the bundled Codex harness implements the codex runtime. Public config uses agentRuntime.id on provider or model entries; whole-agent runtime keys are legacy and ignored. openclaw doctor --fix removes old whole-agent runtime pins and rewrites legacy runtime model refs to canonical provider/model refs plus model-scoped runtime policy where needed.

Two runtime families:

• Embedded harnesses run inside OpenClaw's prepared agent loop: the built-in openclaw runtime, plus registered plugin harnesses such as codex and copilot.
• CLI backends run a local CLI process while keeping the model ref canonical. For example, anthropic/claude-opus-5 with a model-scoped agentRuntime.id: "claude-cli" means "select the Anthropic model, execute through Claude CLI." claude-cli is not an embedded harness id and must not be passed to AgentHarness selection.

The copilot harness is a separate, opt-in external plugin harness for the GitHub Copilot CLI; see GitHub Copilot agent runtime for the user-facing decision between PI, Codex, and GitHub Copilot agent runtime.

Codex surfaces

Several surfaces share the Codex name:

Surface	OpenClaw name/config	What it does
Native Codex app-server runtime	openai/* model refs	Runs OpenAI embedded agent turns through Codex app-server. This is the usual ChatGPT/Codex subscription setup.
Codex OAuth auth profiles	openai OAuth profiles	Stores ChatGPT/Codex subscription auth that the Codex app-server harness consumes.
Codex ACP adapter	runtime: "acp", agentId: "codex"	Runs Codex through the external ACP/acpx control plane. Use only when ACP/acpx is explicitly asked for.
Native Codex chat-control command set	/codex ...	Binds, resumes, steers, stops, and inspects Codex app-server threads from chat.
OpenAI Platform API route for non-agent surfaces	openai/* plus API-key auth	Direct OpenAI APIs such as images, embeddings, speech, and realtime.

These surfaces are intentionally independent. Enabling the codex plugin makes native app-server features available; openclaw doctor --fix owns legacy Codex route repair and stale session pin cleanup. Selecting openai/* for an agent model now means "run this through Codex" unless a non-agent OpenAI API surface is being used.

The common ChatGPT/Codex subscription setup uses Codex OAuth for auth, but keeps the model ref as openai/* and selects the codex runtime:

{
  agents: {
    defaults: {
      model: "openai/gpt-5.6-sol",
    },
  },
}

That means OpenClaw selects an OpenAI model ref, then asks the Codex app-server runtime to run the embedded agent turn. It does not mean "use API billing," and it does not mean the channel, model provider catalog, or OpenClaw session store becomes Codex.

When the bundled codex plugin is enabled, use the native /codex command surface (/codex bind, /codex threads, /codex resume, /codex steer, /codex stop) for natural-language Codex control instead of ACP. Use ACP for Codex only when the user explicitly asks for ACP/acpx or is testing the ACP adapter path. Claude Code, Gemini CLI, OpenCode, Cursor, and similar external harnesses still use ACP.

Decision tree:

1. Codex bind/control/thread/resume/steer/stop -> native /codex command surface when the bundled codex plugin is enabled.
2. Codex as the embedded runtime or the normal subscription-backed Codex agent experience -> openai/<model>.
3. OpenClaw explicitly chosen for an OpenAI model -> keep the model ref as openai/<model> and set provider/model runtime policy to agentRuntime.id: "openclaw". A selected openai OAuth profile is routed internally through OpenClaw's Codex-auth transport.
4. Legacy Codex model refs in config -> repair with openclaw doctor --fix to openai/<model>; doctor keeps the Codex auth route by adding provider/model-scoped agentRuntime.id: "codex" where the old model ref implied it. Legacy codex-cli/* model refs repair to the same openai/<model> Codex app-server route; OpenClaw no longer keeps a bundled Codex CLI backend.
5. ACP, acpx, or Codex ACP adapter explicitly requested -> runtime: "acp" and agentId: "codex".
6. Claude Code, Gemini CLI, OpenCode, Cursor, Droid, or another external harness -> ACP/acpx, not the native sub-agent runtime.

You mean...	Use...
Codex app-server chat/thread control	/codex ... from the bundled codex plugin
Codex app-server embedded agent runtime	openai/* agent model refs
OpenAI Codex OAuth	openai OAuth profiles
Claude Code or other external harness	ACP/acpx

For the OpenAI-family prefix split, see OpenAI and Model providers. For the Codex runtime support contract, see Codex harness runtime.

Runtime ownership

Different runtimes own different amounts of the loop:

Surface	OpenClaw embedded	Codex app-server
Model loop owner	OpenClaw, through the OpenClaw embedded runner	Codex app-server
Canonical thread state	OpenClaw transcript	Codex thread, plus OpenClaw transcript mirror
OpenClaw dynamic tools	Native OpenClaw tool loop	Bridged through the Codex adapter
Native shell and file tools	OpenClaw path	Codex-native tools, bridged through native hooks where supported
Context engine	Native OpenClaw context assembly	OpenClaw projects assembled context into the Codex turn
Compaction	OpenClaw or selected context engine	Codex-native compaction, with OpenClaw notifications and mirror maintenance
Channel delivery	OpenClaw	OpenClaw

Design rule: if OpenClaw owns the surface, it can provide normal plugin hook behavior. If the native runtime owns the surface, OpenClaw needs runtime events or native hooks. If the native runtime owns canonical thread state, OpenClaw mirrors and projects context rather than rewriting unsupported internals.

Runtime selection

OpenClaw resolves an embedded runtime after provider and model resolution, in this order:

1. Model-scoped runtime policy wins. This lives in a configured provider model entry, or in agents.defaults.models["provider/model"].agentRuntime / agents.entries.*.models["provider/model"].agentRuntime. A provider wildcard such as agents.defaults.models["vllm/*"].agentRuntime applies after exact model policy, so dynamically discovered provider models can share one runtime without overriding exact per-model exceptions.
2. Provider-scoped runtime policy: models.providers.<provider>.agentRuntime.
3. auto mode: registered plugin runtimes can claim supported provider/model pairs.
4. If nothing claims the turn in auto mode, OpenClaw falls back to openclaw as the compatibility runtime. Use an explicit runtime id when the run must be strict.

Historical agentHarnessId records which runtime produced the transcript; it does not pin the next turn. Locked native transcripts retain their owner, and compatible explicit session runtime overrides take precedence over configured policy. ACP sessions retain their ACP backend. Legacy whole-agent runtime config and OPENCLAW_AGENT_RUNTIME are ignored; use openclaw doctor --fix to remove stale config and repair legacy model refs.

Explicit provider/model plugin runtimes fail closed when the harness is missing or cannot support the route or authentication. There is one selection-time exception: a harness may declare that OpenClaw can reproduce the exact request. Codex uses this fallback for authored request overrides such as headers, request parameters, timeouts, or payload compatibility switches. It preserves those settings instead of silently dropping them. Once a harness starts executing, its failures are not replayed through another runtime.

Affirmative compat.supportsReasoningEffort: true and a nonempty compat.supportedReasoningEfforts list containing only minimal, low, medium, high, xhigh, max, or ultra describe native reasoning capabilities; they do not opt an otherwise compatible route out of Codex. Disabling reasoning, custom effort labels, and other compatibility switches remain request behavior. Model-level runtime controls such as fastMode and thinking also preserve native selection when their values are valid.

CLI backend aliases differ from embedded harness ids. Preferred Claude CLI form:

{
  agents: {
    defaults: {
      model: "anthropic/claude-opus-5",
      models: {
        "anthropic/claude-opus-5": {
          agentRuntime: { id: "claude-cli" },
        },
      },
    },
  },
}

Legacy refs such as claude-cli/claude-opus-4-7 are accepted as compatibility input, but new config should keep the provider/model canonical and put the execution backend in provider/model runtime policy. Run openclaw doctor --fix to rewrite persisted legacy model selections, model-map keys, and explicit modelPolicy.allow entries to that canonical shape.

Legacy codex-cli/* refs are different: doctor migrates them to openai/* so they run through the Codex app-server harness instead of preserving a Codex CLI backend.

auto mode is intentionally conservative for most providers. OpenAI agent models are the exception: unset runtime and auto both resolve to the Codex harness. Explicit OpenClaw runtime config remains an opt-in compatibility route for openai/* agent turns; when paired with a selected openai OAuth profile, OpenClaw routes that path internally through the Codex-auth transport while keeping the public model ref as openai/*. Stale OpenAI historical producer fields do not pin the next turn and can be cleaned with openclaw doctor --fix.

If openclaw doctor warns that the codex plugin is enabled while legacy Codex model refs remain in config, treat that as legacy route state and run openclaw doctor --fix to rewrite it to openai/* with the Codex runtime.

GitHub Copilot agent runtime

The external @openclaw/copilot plugin registers an opt-in copilot runtime backed by the GitHub Copilot CLI (@github/copilot-sdk). It claims the canonical subscription github-copilot provider and is never selected by auto. Opt in per-model or per-provider via agentRuntime.id:

{
  agents: {
    defaults: {
      model: "github-copilot/gpt-5.5",
      models: {
        "github-copilot/gpt-5.5": {
          agentRuntime: { id: "copilot" },
        },
      },
    },
  },
}

The plugin manifest declares the harness provider, runtime, CLI session key, and auth profile prefix without requiring openclaw doctor to load plugin code. For configuration, auth, transcript mirroring, compaction, the declarative doctor contract, and the broader PI vs Codex vs Copilot SDK decision, see GitHub Copilot agent runtime.

Compatibility contract

When a runtime is not OpenClaw, its docs should state which OpenClaw surfaces it supports:

Question	Why it matters
Who owns the model loop?	Determines where retries, tool continuation, and final answer decisions happen.
Who owns canonical thread history?	Determines whether OpenClaw can edit history or only mirror it.
Do OpenClaw dynamic tools work?	Messaging, sessions, cron, and OpenClaw-owned tools rely on this.
Do dynamic tool hooks work?	Plugins expect before_tool_call, after_tool_call, and middleware around OpenClaw-owned tools.
Do native tool hooks work?	Shell, patch, and runtime-owned tools need native hook support for policy and observation.
Does the context engine lifecycle run?	Memory and context plugins depend on assemble, ingest, after-turn, and compaction lifecycle.
What compaction data is exposed?	Some plugins only need notifications; others need kept/dropped metadata.
What is intentionally unsupported?	Users should not assume OpenClaw equivalence where the native runtime owns more state.

The Codex runtime support contract is documented in Codex harness runtime.

Status labels

Status output can show both Execution and Runtime labels. Read them as diagnostics, not provider names:

• A model ref such as openai/gpt-5.6-sol is the selected provider/model.
• A runtime id such as codex is the loop executing the turn.
• A channel label such as Telegram or Discord is where the conversation is happening.

If a run shows an unexpected runtime, inspect the selected provider/model runtime policy first. Next-turn runtime metadata includes declared fallback when the registered harness can determine it from the configured route. It does not probe credentials or start a runtime; final route/auth preparation can still reject the turn. The completed result records the runtime that actually ran.

Related

• Codex harness
• Codex harness runtime
• GitHub Copilot agent runtime
• OpenAI
• Agent harness plugins
• Agent loop
• Models
• Status