openclaw/docs/concepts/models.md

summary, read_when, title, sidebarTitle

summary	read_when	title	sidebarTitle
How OpenClaw resolves provider/model refs, config keys, and the `/model` chat command	Changing model fallback behavior or selection UX Debugging "model is not allowed" or a stale default provider fallback Working on models.json merge/secret behavior	Models CLI	Models CLI

Auth profile rotation, cooldowns, and how that interacts with fallbacks. Quick provider overview and examples. Full `openclaw models` command and flag reference. Model config keys, defaults, and examples.

A model ref (provider/model) chooses a provider and model, not the low-level agent runtime. With runtime policy unset or auto, OpenAI's provider-owned route policy may select Codex only for an exact official HTTPS Platform Responses or ChatGPT Responses route with no authored request override; the openai/* prefix alone never selects Codex. Completions adapters, custom endpoints, and authored request behavior stay on OpenClaw. Plaintext official HTTP endpoints are rejected. See OpenAI implicit agent runtime.

Subscription Copilot refs (github-copilot/*) can be opted into the external GitHub Copilot agent runtime plugin, but that path is always explicit (never selected by auto). Runtime overrides belong on provider/model policy, not on the whole agent or session. Runtime selection does not determine billing: OpenAI API-key and ChatGPT/Codex subscription credentials remain distinct. See Agent runtimes and GitHub Copilot agent runtime.

Selection order

`agents.defaults.model.primary` (or `agents.defaults.model` as a plain string). `agents.defaults.model.fallbacks`, tried in order. Auth-profile rotation happens inside a provider before OpenClaw moves to the next fallback model.

Related model-config surfaces:

• agents.defaults.models stores aliases and per-model settings. Adding an entry does not restrict model overrides.
• agents.defaults.modelSelectionScope optionally chooses the scope of chat commands and Gateway session model updates without an explicit scope. Omit it to preserve existing behavior; see Model selection scope.
• agents.defaults.modelPolicy.allow is the optional override allowlist. Use exact refs or trailing prefix wildcards such as provider/* and provider/namespace/*; omit it or set [] to allow any model. Per-agent agents.entries.*.modelPolicy.allow replaces the default policy for that agent.
• agents.defaults.utilityModel is an optional lower-cost model for short internal tasks such as generated dashboard session titles, supported channel thread/topic titles, and progress narration. Per-agent agents.entries.*.utilityModel overrides it. When unset, OpenClaw uses the primary provider's declared small-model default when one exists (OpenAI → gpt-5.6-luna, Anthropic → claude-haiku-4-5), otherwise the agent's primary model; set it to an empty string to disable utility routing. Generated titles retry once with the primary model when a distinct utility model fails. For dashboard titles, automatic utility derivation and the regular fallback follow the effective session provider and auth profile; an explicit utility model keeps its configured provider/auth. An empty utility model skips only the alternate small-model route, not dashboard title generation. Utility tasks are separate model calls and may send bounded task content to the selected model provider.
• agents.defaults.imageModel is used only when the primary model cannot accept images.
• agents.defaults.pdfModel is used by the pdf tool. If unset, the tool falls back to imageModel, then the resolved session/default model.
• agents.defaults.mediaModels.{image,music,video} backs the shared media-generation tools. If unset, each tool infers an auth-backed provider default: current default provider first, then the remaining registered providers for that capability in provider-id order. Cross-provider fallback is the fixed default behavior.
• Per-agent agents.entries.*.model (plus bindings) overrides agents.defaults.model — see Multi-agent routing.

Full key reference, defaults, and JSON5 examples: Configuration reference.

Selection source and fallback strictness

The same provider/model behaves differently depending on where it came from:

Source	Behavior
Configured default (agents.defaults.model.primary, per-agent primary)	Normal starting point; uses agents.defaults.model.fallbacks.
Auto fallback	Temporary recovery state, stored as modelOverrideSource: "auto". OpenClaw periodically reprobes the original primary, clears the auto selection on recovery, and announces fallback/recovery transitions once per state change.
User session selection	Exact and strict. /model, the model picker, session_status(model=...), and sessions.patch store modelOverrideSource: "user". If that provider/model becomes unreachable, the run fails visibly instead of falling through to another configured model.
Cron --model / payload model	Per-job primary. Still uses configured fallbacks unless the job supplies its own payload fallbacks (fallbacks: [] forces a strict run).

Other selection rules:

• Changing agents.defaults.model.primary does not rewrite existing session pins. If status reports This session is pinned to X; config primary Y will apply to new/unpinned sessions., run /model default to clear the pin.
• CLI default-model and allowlist pickers respect models.mode: "replace" by listing only models.providers.*.models instead of the full built-in catalog.
• The Control UI starts from the Gateway's prepared configured model view, so opening chat does not start provider discovery. Opening or refreshing a model picker may discover models required by a trailing provider/* policy entry. Default and configured picker views hide catalog rows marked deprecated or disabled unless that exact model is configured as a primary, fallback, utility/tool model, alias/settings key, or exact policy entry. Hidden rows remain selectable by exact provider/model ref. The full built-in catalog, including hidden rows, is reserved for explicit browse views (models.list with view: "all", or openclaw models list --all).
• Provider inventory UIs use models.list with view: "provider-config" to show source-authored models.providers.*.models rows without applying picker allowlists.

Full mechanics: Model failover.

Quick model policy

• Set your primary to the strongest latest-generation model available to you.
• Use fallbacks for cost/latency-sensitive tasks and lower-stakes chat.
• For tool-enabled agents or untrusted inputs, avoid older/weaker model tiers.

Onboarding

openclaw onboard

Sets up model and auth for common providers without hand-editing config, including OpenAI Codex subscription OAuth and Anthropic (API key or Claude CLI reuse).

With no primary model configured, fresh OpenAI API-key and ChatGPT/Codex OAuth setup select the exact openai/gpt-5.6-sol catalog ref. The bare direct-API openai/gpt-5.6 alias remains supported and resolves to the Sol tier. Reauthentication preserves an existing explicit primary model, including openai/gpt-5.5. If GPT-5.6 is unavailable to the account, select openai/gpt-5.5 explicitly; OpenClaw does not silently downgrade it.

"Model is not allowed" (and why replies stop)

If agents.defaults.modelPolicy.allow is non-empty, it becomes the allowlist for /model, session overrides, and --model. Selecting a model outside that allowlist returns before any normal reply is generated. A per-agent agents.entries.*.modelPolicy.allow replaces the default policy for that agent.

Model override "provider/model" is not allowed by agents.defaults.modelPolicy.allow.
Add "provider/model", "provider/*", or a narrower "provider/namespace/*" prefix to agents.defaults.modelPolicy.allow, or remove/empty the list to allow any model.

Fix it by adding the model or a provider wildcard to the named modelPolicy.allow key, removing/emptying that list, or picking a model from /model list. If the rejected command included a runtime override such as /model openai/gpt-5.5 --runtime codex, fix the allowlist first, then retry the same command.

For local/GGUF models, the allowlist needs the full provider-prefixed ref, for example ollama/gemma4:26b or lmstudio/Gemma4-26b-a4-it-gguf — check openclaw models list --provider <provider> for the exact string. Bare filenames or display names are not enough once the allowlist is active.

To limit providers without listing every model, use trailing prefix wildcard entries. A provider-wide provider/* matches every model under that provider; a narrower prefix such as clawrouter/anthropic/* matches only that namespace:

{
  agents: {
    defaults: {
      modelPolicy: {
        allow: ["openai/*", "vllm/*"],
      },
    },
  },
}

/model, /models, and model pickers then show the discovered catalog for those providers only, and new models can appear without editing the allowlist. Mix exact provider/model entries with provider/* entries to pull in one specific model from another provider.

Example allowlist with aliases and per-model settings:

{
  agents: {
    defaults: {
      model: { primary: "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-6" },
      modelPolicy: {
        allow: ["anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-6", "anthropic/claude-opus-4-6"],
      },
      models: {
        "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-6": { alias: "Sonnet" },
        "anthropic/claude-opus-4-6": { alias: "Opus" },
      },
    },
  },
}

Set the complete list directly:

openclaw config set agents.defaults.modelPolicy.allow '["openai/gpt-5.4","anthropic/*"]' --strict-json

openclaw models set, provider setup, and openclaw models aliases add can add entries under agents.defaults.models, but they never change modelPolicy.allow. This keeps model metadata and aliases independent from override policy.

Choose a model for a session

Choose the model when you create a session whenever possible. The Control UI's New Chat composer includes the model picker for this reason: a fresh session gives the selected model a clean conversation boundary.

Changing the model for an established session is an advanced operation. The session transcript remains available, but the next model may have a different context window, prompt and tool behavior, or prompt-cache implementation. A mid-session switch can therefore reduce continuity, require earlier compaction, or lose prompt-cache reuse and increase latency or cost. For a planned model change, prefer a new session; use /model or the active-session model picker when you intentionally want the existing transcript to continue with another model.

Keep the thinking or reasoning level stable for the session when cache reuse matters. On OpenAI, changing the reasoning effort changes the reusable request state and can force the next turn to process the full conversation again. Other providers may also include thinking configuration in their cache identity, so changing only the thinking level can increase latency and input-token cost even when the model itself stays the same.

/model in chat

/model <model> changes the current session. Use -s for only this session, -a to also update the agent's default, or -g to also update the shared global default. The long forms are --session, --agent, and --global. Configured-default writes require owner or admin authority.

Without a scope flag, agents.defaults.modelSelectionScope can opt into "session", "agent", or "global" scope. Leaving this setting unset preserves existing behavior: direct owner/admin commands request a best-effort update to the agent's explicit primary when one exists, otherwise to the shared agents.defaults.model fallback. Without owner/admin authority, bare commands remain session-only and explicit -a or -g requests are rejected.

/model
/model list
/model 3
/model openai/gpt-5.4
/model openai/gpt-5.4 -s
/model openai/gpt-5.4 -a
/model openai/gpt-5.4 -g
/model default -s
/model default
/model status

• /model and /model list show a compact numbered picker. /model <#> selects from it. Discord pickers follow the direct command behavior, including modelSelectionScope. Telegram callback pickers always stay session-only. /models add is deprecated and returns a message instead of registering models from chat.
• Current session: /model <model> -s (or --session) changes only this session, regardless of modelSelectionScope. Neither configured default changes.
• Agent default: Owner/admin /model <model> -a (or --agent) selects the model for this session and requests an update for agents.entries.<agent>.model. It creates an explicit primary for that configured agent when needed and never falls through to the shared global default.
• Global default: Owner/admin /model <model> -g (or --global) changes this session and requests an update for the shared agents.defaults.model fallback. It does not overwrite other agents' explicit primaries or other sessions' model pins. New and existing unpinned sessions, and cron jobs that inherit this default, can use the changed model on their next run.
• Immutable configuration stays unchanged. Asynchronous write errors are logged without reverting the session selection. Explicit model and auth-profile pins survive /new, /reset, session rollover, compaction, and cooldown windows while valid.
• Use the configured default: /model default -s clears the current session model selection without writing configured defaults. A compatible auth-profile pin remains. An incompatible pin is cleared. Selecting the effective configured default by name also clears the session model pin, but agent/global scope still requests a write to that configured target. This does not restore an older configured default changed by a previous selection.
• If the agent is idle, a model change applies to the next run immediately. If a run is already active, the switch is queued for the next clean retry point (or a later one, if tool activity or reply output already started).
• A user-selected /model ref is strict for that session: if it becomes unreachable, the reply fails visibly instead of silently falling back through agents.defaults.model.fallbacks. Configured defaults and cron job primaries still use fallback chains.
• /model status is the detailed view: auth candidates per provider, and (when configured) the provider endpoint baseUrl plus api mode.
• Model refs are parsed by splitting on the first /; type provider/model. If the model ID itself contains / (OpenRouter-style), include the provider prefix, e.g. /model openrouter/moonshotai/kimi-k2. If you omit the provider, OpenClaw tries: (1) alias match, (2) unique configured-provider match for that exact unprefixed model id, (3) the configured default provider (deprecated fallback) — and if that provider no longer exposes the configured default model, the first configured provider/model instead, to avoid surfacing a stale removed-provider default.
• Model refs are normalized to lowercase; provider IDs are otherwise exact, so use the ID advertised by the plugin.

Full command behavior and config: Slash commands.

CLI

openclaw models status
openclaw models list
openclaw models set <provider/model>
openclaw models set-image <provider/model>
openclaw models scan
openclaw models aliases list|add|remove
openclaw models fallbacks list|add|remove|clear
openclaw models image-fallbacks list|add|remove|clear
openclaw models auth list|add|login|paste-api-key|paste-token|setup-token|order

openclaw models with no subcommand is a shortcut for models status, which also surfaces OAuth expiry for auth-store profiles (warns within 24h by default). Full flags, JSON shapes, and auth-profile subcommands: Models CLI reference.

`openclaw models scan` inspects OpenRouter's public free-model catalog and can probe candidates for tool and image support live. The catalog itself is public, so metadata-only scans (`--no-probe`) need no key; live probing and `--set-default`/`--set-image` require an OpenRouter API key (auth profile or `OPENROUTER_API_KEY`) and fail closed to metadata-only output without one.

Results rank by: image support, then tool latency, then context size, then parameter count. In a TTY, probed results prompt an interactive fallback selection; non-interactive mode needs `--yes` to accept defaults.

Models registry (models.json)

Hosted catalog updates

OpenClaw can refresh the model metadata shipped by installed provider plugins without waiting for a new OpenClaw release. The Gateway makes one background JSON GET at startup and then checks at most every six hours. The request sends no prompts, credentials, model usage, or configuration payload beyond the normal HTTP user agent and conditional cache headers.

The downloaded bundle is stored in the shared SQLite state database and becomes visible after the next Gateway restart. Remote data can update or add models only for providers declared by installed plugin manifests. It cannot supply API base URLs or request headers, and a catalog older than the installed release's build stamp is ignored.

The hosted file is published from the public openclaw/catalog GitHub repository. Its scheduled workflow refreshes from OpenClaw's shipped plugin manifests and pricing sources; every catalog content change is preserved as a public commit.

Run openclaw models refresh for an immediate metadata and pricing check, or disable every hosted catalog request with models.catalogRefresh.enabled: false. When disabled, pricing stays at bundled and explicitly configured values. A self-hosted mirror can be selected with an HTTPS models.catalogRefresh.url (or localhost HTTP for testing); see configuration reference.

Custom providers configured under models.providers are written into models.json under the agent directory (default ~/.openclaw/agents/<agentId>/agent/models.json). Provider-plugin catalogs are stored separately as generated plugin-owned catalog shards and load automatically. This file is merged with config by default; set models.mode: "replace" to use only your configured providers.

For matching provider IDs:

- A non-empty `baseUrl` already present in the agent `models.json` wins.
- A non-empty `apiKey` in `models.json` wins only when that provider is not SecretRef-managed in the current config/auth-profile context.
- SecretRef-managed `apiKey` values refresh from source markers instead of persisting resolved secrets: the env variable name for env refs, `secretref-managed` for file/exec/store refs.
- SecretRef-managed header values refresh the same way, using `secretref-env:ENV_VAR_NAME` for env refs.
- Empty or missing `apiKey`/`baseUrl` in `models.json` fall back to config `models.providers`.
- Other provider fields refresh from config and normalized catalog data.

Marker persistence is source-authoritative: OpenClaw writes markers from the active source config snapshot (pre-resolution), not from resolved runtime secret values, whenever it regenerates models.json — including command-driven paths like openclaw agent.

Related

• Agent runtimes — OpenClaw, Codex, and other agent loop runtimes
• Configuration reference — model config keys
• Image generation — image model configuration
• Model failover — fallback chains
• Model providers — provider routing and auth
• Models CLI reference — full command and flag reference
• Music generation — music model configuration
• Video generation — video model configuration