diff --git a/src/agents/sandbox/backend.ts b/src/agents/sandbox/backend.ts
index 82755c828e39..fdc057b57d66 100644
--- a/src/agents/sandbox/backend.ts
+++ b/src/agents/sandbox/backend.ts
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ export type {
 
 const SANDBOX_BACKEND_FACTORIES_STATE_KEY = Symbol.for("openclaw.sandboxBackendFactories");
 
+// Process-wide sandbox backend registry. Tests and plugins can install temporary
+// factories while core still auto-registers the bundled Docker and SSH backends.
 function getSandboxBackendFactories(): Map<SandboxBackendId, RegisteredSandboxBackend> {
   const globalStore = globalThis as typeof globalThis & {
     [SANDBOX_BACKEND_FACTORIES_STATE_KEY]?: Map<SandboxBackendId, RegisteredSandboxBackend>;
@@ -40,6 +42,7 @@ function normalizeSandboxBackendId(id: string): SandboxBackendId {
   return normalized;
 }
 
+/** Register or replace a sandbox backend and return a restore callback. */
 export function registerSandboxBackend(
   id: string,
   registration: SandboxBackendRegistration,
@@ -59,14 +62,17 @@ export function registerSandboxBackend(
   };
 }
 
+/** Look up a sandbox backend factory by normalized backend id. */
 export function getSandboxBackendFactory(id: string): SandboxBackendFactory | null {
   return getSandboxBackendFactories().get(normalizeSandboxBackendId(id))?.factory ?? null;
 }
 
+/** Look up optional lifecycle management hooks for a registered backend. */
 export function getSandboxBackendManager(id: string): SandboxBackendManager | null {
   return getSandboxBackendFactories().get(normalizeSandboxBackendId(id))?.manager ?? null;
 }
 
+/** Resolve a backend factory or throw the user-facing configuration error. */
 export function requireSandboxBackendFactory(id: string): SandboxBackendFactory {
   const factory = getSandboxBackendFactory(id);
   if (factory) {
diff --git a/src/agents/sandbox/fs-bridge.ts b/src/agents/sandbox/fs-bridge.ts
index 94bfa42c287d..03a01601378d 100644
--- a/src/agents/sandbox/fs-bridge.ts
+++ b/src/agents/sandbox/fs-bridge.ts
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ type RunCommandOptions = {
 
 export type { SandboxFsBridge, SandboxFsStat, SandboxResolvedPath } from "./fs-bridge.types.js";
 
+/** Create the filesystem bridge for local Docker-style mounted sandboxes. */
 export function createSandboxFsBridge(params: {
   sandbox: SandboxFsBridgeContext;
 }): SandboxFsBridge {
@@ -48,6 +49,8 @@ class SandboxFsBridgeImpl implements SandboxFsBridge {
     const mountsByContainer = [...this.mounts].toSorted(
       (a, b) => b.containerRoot.length - a.containerRoot.length,
     );
+    // Longest mount first keeps nested agent/skill mounts from being claimed by
+    // the broader workspace root during symlink and mutation safety checks.
     this.pathGuard = new SandboxFsPathGuard({
       mountsByContainer,
       runCommand: (script, options) => this.runCommand(script, options),
@@ -253,6 +256,8 @@ class SandboxFsBridgeImpl implements SandboxFsBridge {
   ): Promise<SandboxBackendCommandResult> {
     await this.pathGuard.assertPathChecks(plan.checks);
     if (plan.recheckBeforeCommand) {
+      // Mutations that can create or swap path parents re-run the anchored
+      // checks immediately before command execution to close TOCTOU gaps.
       await this.pathGuard.assertPathChecks(plan.checks);
     }
     return await this.runCommand(plan.script, {
diff --git a/src/agents/sandbox/remote-fs-bridge.ts b/src/agents/sandbox/remote-fs-bridge.ts
index cd4ee3ab2149..b5a7bee63e41 100644
--- a/src/agents/sandbox/remote-fs-bridge.ts
+++ b/src/agents/sandbox/remote-fs-bridge.ts
@@ -40,12 +40,14 @@ type MountInfo = {
   source: RemoteMountSource;
 };
 
+/** Minimal remote shell contract used by the SSH filesystem bridge. */
 export type RemoteShellSandboxHandle = {
   remoteWorkspaceDir: string;
   remoteAgentWorkspaceDir: string;
   runRemoteShellScript(params: SandboxBackendCommandParams): Promise<SandboxBackendCommandResult>;
 };
 
+/** Create the filesystem bridge for remote shell-backed sandbox runtimes. */
 export function createRemoteShellSandboxFsBridge(params: {
   sandbox: SandboxFsBridgeContext;
   runtime: RemoteShellSandboxHandle;
@@ -283,6 +285,8 @@ class RemoteShellSandboxFsBridge implements SandboxFsBridge {
       });
     }
     if (this.sandbox.workspaceAccess === "rw") {
+      // Skill directories inside writable remote workspaces stay protected when
+      // the original host mount exists, matching local bridge read-only rules.
       mounts.push(
         ...buildRemoteProtectedSkillMounts({
           localRoot: agentRoot,
@@ -470,6 +474,8 @@ class RemoteShellSandboxFsBridge implements SandboxFsBridge {
     allowFinalSymlinkForUnlink?: boolean;
     signal?: AbortSignal;
   }): Promise<string> {
+    // Canonicalize the nearest existing ancestor and append the missing suffix.
+    // This lets create/write operations validate paths that do not exist yet.
     const script = [
       "set -eu",
       'target="$1"',
@@ -507,6 +513,8 @@ class RemoteShellSandboxFsBridge implements SandboxFsBridge {
     action: string;
     signal?: AbortSignal;
   }): Promise<void> {
+    // Remote mutation helpers pin by parent path. Rejecting hardlinked regular
+    // files avoids editing another mount-visible name through the same inode.
     const result = await this.runRemoteScript({
       script: [
         'if [ ! -e "$1" ] && [ ! -L "$1" ]; then exit 0; fi',
diff --git a/src/agents/sandbox/ssh-backend.ts b/src/agents/sandbox/ssh-backend.ts
index af63d5152eec..a89560e93ce1 100644
--- a/src/agents/sandbox/ssh-backend.ts
+++ b/src/agents/sandbox/ssh-backend.ts
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ type ResolvedSshRuntimePaths = {
   remoteAgentWorkspaceDir: string;
 };
 
+/** SSH backend lifecycle hooks for probing and removing remote sandbox copies. */
 export const sshSandboxBackendManager: SandboxBackendManager = {
   async describeRuntime({ entry, config, agentId }) {
     const cfg = resolveSandboxConfigForAgent(config, agentId);
@@ -100,6 +101,7 @@ export const sshSandboxBackendManager: SandboxBackendManager = {
   },
 };
 
+/** Create an SSH sandbox backend that mirrors the workspace to a remote target. */
 export async function createSshSandboxBackend(
   params: CreateSandboxBackendParams,
 ): Promise<SandboxBackendHandle> {
@@ -188,6 +190,8 @@ class SshSandboxBackendImpl {
     if (this.ensurePromise) {
       return await this.ensurePromise;
     }
+    // Concurrent exec/fs calls share one remote copy bootstrap; failures reset
+    // the promise so the next call can retry after transient SSH errors.
     this.ensurePromise = this.ensureRuntimeInner();
     try {
       await this.ensurePromise;
@@ -294,6 +298,8 @@ function resolveSshRuntimePaths(workspaceRoot: string, scopeKey: string): Resolv
 
 function buildSshSandboxRuntimeId(scopeKey: string): string {
   const trimmed = scopeKey.trim() || "session";
+  // Keep the path human-readable while hashing the original scope to avoid
+  // collisions after normalization and truncation.
   const safe = normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(trimmed)
     .replace(/[^a-z0-9._-]+/g, "-")
     .replace(/^-+|-+$/g, "")