diff --git a/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/NodeForegroundService.kt b/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/NodeForegroundService.kt
index 0152f3d2f7b1..e55e512a16b0 100644
--- a/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/NodeForegroundService.kt
+++ b/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/NodeForegroundService.kt
@@ -126,8 +126,9 @@ class NodeForegroundService : Service() {
               state.connected -> nativeString("OpenClaw Node · Connected")
               else -> nativeString("OpenClaw Node")
             }
+          val displayStatus = gatewayConnectionStatusForDisplay(state.status)
           val text =
-            (state.server?.let { "${state.status} · $it" } ?: state.status) +
+            (state.server?.let { nativeString("\$status · \$server", displayStatus, it) } ?: displayStatus) +
               voiceNotificationSuffix(
                 mode = state.mode,
                 manualMicEnabled = state.capture.micEnabled,
diff --git a/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/NodeRuntime.kt b/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/NodeRuntime.kt
index 1007fd5de298..9b26a4b550b7 100644
--- a/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/NodeRuntime.kt
+++ b/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/NodeRuntime.kt
@@ -319,6 +319,29 @@ data class GatewayConnectionDisplay(
   val problem: GatewayConnectionProblem?,
 )
 
+private const val GATEWAY_STATUS_OFFLINE = "Offline"
+private const val GATEWAY_STATUS_CONNECTED = "Connected"
+private const val GATEWAY_STATUS_NODE_OFFLINE = "Connected (node offline)"
+private const val GATEWAY_STATUS_OPERATOR_OFFLINE = "Connected (operator offline)"
+
+private fun gatewayOperatorConnectionState(operator: String): String = "Connected (operator: $operator)"
+
+internal fun gatewayConnectionStatusForDisplay(statusText: String): String {
+  val status = statusText.trim()
+  return when {
+    status.isEmpty() || status == GATEWAY_STATUS_OFFLINE -> nativeString("Offline")
+    status == GATEWAY_STATUS_CONNECTED -> nativeString("Connected")
+    status == GATEWAY_STATUS_NODE_OFFLINE -> nativeString("Connected (node offline)")
+    status == GATEWAY_STATUS_OPERATOR_OFFLINE -> nativeString("Connected (operator offline)")
+    status.startsWith("Connected (operator: ") && status.endsWith(")") ->
+      nativeString(
+        "Connected (operator: \$operator)",
+        status.removePrefix("Connected (operator: ").dropLast(1),
+      )
+    else -> status
+  }
+}
+
 private fun gatewayProblemAfterDisconnect(
   problem: GatewayConnectionProblem?,
   statusText: String,
@@ -337,16 +360,16 @@ internal fun gatewayConnectionDisplay(
   val operator = operatorStatusText.trim()
   val node = nodeStatusText.trim()
   return when {
-    operatorConnected && nodeConnected -> GatewayConnectionDisplay(true, "Connected", null)
-    operatorConnected -> GatewayConnectionDisplay(true, "Connected (node offline)", nodeProblem)
+    operatorConnected && nodeConnected -> GatewayConnectionDisplay(true, GATEWAY_STATUS_CONNECTED, null)
+    operatorConnected -> GatewayConnectionDisplay(true, GATEWAY_STATUS_NODE_OFFLINE, nodeProblem)
     nodeConnected ->
       GatewayConnectionDisplay(
         isConnected = false,
         statusText =
           if (operator.isNotEmpty() && operator != "Offline") {
-            "Connected (operator: $operator)"
+            gatewayOperatorConnectionState(operator)
           } else {
-            "Connected (operator offline)"
+            GATEWAY_STATUS_OPERATOR_OFFLINE
           },
         problem = operatorProblem,
       )
@@ -697,9 +720,9 @@ class NodeRuntime private constructor(
   private val _nodeCapabilityApproval = MutableStateFlow<GatewayNodeCapabilityApproval>(GatewayNodeCapabilityApproval.Loading)
   val nodeCapabilityApproval: StateFlow<GatewayNodeCapabilityApproval> = _nodeCapabilityApproval.asStateFlow()
 
-  private val _gatewayConnectionDisplay = MutableStateFlow(GatewayConnectionDisplay(false, "Offline", null))
+  private val _gatewayConnectionDisplay = MutableStateFlow(GatewayConnectionDisplay(false, GATEWAY_STATUS_OFFLINE, null))
   val gatewayConnectionDisplay: StateFlow<GatewayConnectionDisplay> = _gatewayConnectionDisplay.asStateFlow()
-  private val _statusText = MutableStateFlow("Offline")
+  private val _statusText = MutableStateFlow(GATEWAY_STATUS_OFFLINE)
   val statusText: StateFlow<String> = _statusText.asStateFlow()
   private val _gatewayConnectionProblem = MutableStateFlow<GatewayConnectionProblem?>(null)
   val gatewayConnectionProblem: StateFlow<GatewayConnectionProblem?> = _gatewayConnectionProblem.asStateFlow()
diff --git a/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/GatewayConfigResolver.kt b/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/GatewayConfigResolver.kt
index 89ab67559c1e..041e757a8ead 100644
--- a/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/GatewayConfigResolver.kt
+++ b/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/GatewayConfigResolver.kt
@@ -424,9 +424,9 @@ private fun gatewayManualTransportPresentation(
     effectiveTls = effectiveTls,
     helperText =
       when {
-        requiresTls -> "Secure connection is required for this host."
+        requiresTls -> nativeString("Secure connection is required for this host.")
         effectiveTls -> null
-        else -> "Use only on a trusted private network."
+        else -> nativeString("Use only on a trusted private network.")
       },
   )
 
diff --git a/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/GatewayDiagnostics.kt b/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/GatewayDiagnostics.kt
index 358aec450cd0..faba1b777277 100644
--- a/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/GatewayDiagnostics.kt
+++ b/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/GatewayDiagnostics.kt
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import ai.openclaw.app.BuildConfig
 import ai.openclaw.app.GatewayConnectionProblem
 import ai.openclaw.app.GatewayNodeApprovalState
 import ai.openclaw.app.GatewayNodeCapabilityApproval
+import ai.openclaw.app.gatewayConnectionStatusForDisplay
 import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.normalizeGatewayApprovalRequestId
 import ai.openclaw.app.i18n.nativeString
 import android.content.ClipData
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ internal fun openClawAndroidVersionLabel(): String {
 }
 
 /** Normalizes blank gateway status text for display and diagnostics copy. */
-internal fun gatewayStatusForDisplay(statusText: String): String = statusText.trim().ifEmpty { nativeString("Offline") }
+internal fun gatewayStatusForDisplay(statusText: String): String = gatewayConnectionStatusForDisplay(statusText)
 
 /** Resolves the best non-secret endpoint label available to diagnostics surfaces. */
 internal fun gatewayDiagnosticsEndpoint(
@@ -38,7 +39,7 @@ internal fun gatewayDiagnosticsEndpoint(
 
 /** Detects pairing/approval status text so UI can offer pairing-specific actions. */
 internal fun gatewayStatusLooksLikePairing(statusText: String): Boolean {
-  val lower = gatewayStatusForDisplay(statusText).lowercase()
+  val lower = statusText.trim().lowercase()
   return lower.contains("pair") || lower.contains("approve")
 }
 
@@ -136,7 +137,7 @@ internal fun buildGatewayDiagnosticsReport(
       .orEmpty()
       .ifEmpty { Build.VERSION.SDK_INT.toString() }
   val endpoint = gatewayAddress.trim().ifEmpty { "unknown" }
-  val status = gatewayStatusForDisplay(statusText)
+  val status = statusText.trim().ifEmpty { "Offline" }
   return """
     Help diagnose this OpenClaw Android gateway connection failure.
 
diff --git a/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/OnboardingFlow.kt b/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/OnboardingFlow.kt
index 35f037392d0c..9a32dda7bb3e 100644
--- a/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/OnboardingFlow.kt
+++ b/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/OnboardingFlow.kt
@@ -532,7 +532,7 @@ fun OnboardingFlow(
     ) {
       val trimmed = code.trim()
       if (trimmed.isEmpty()) {
-        setupError = "Enter the setup code from openclaw qr."
+        setupError = nativeString("Enter the setup code from openclaw qr.")
         return
       }
       val plan =
@@ -556,7 +556,7 @@ fun OnboardingFlow(
         setupError =
           endpointError?.let {
             gatewayEndpointValidationMessage(it, GatewayEndpointInputSource.SETUP_CODE)
-          } ?: "Setup code was not accepted. Generate a fresh code with openclaw qr."
+          } ?: nativeString("Setup code was not accepted. Generate a fresh code with openclaw qr.")
         return
       }
       connectGateway(plan = plan, inputSource = inputSource)
@@ -574,7 +574,7 @@ fun OnboardingFlow(
             GatewayEndpointValidationError.IPV6_ZONE_ID_UNSUPPORTED,
             ->
               gatewayEndpointValidationMessage(scanned.error, GatewayEndpointInputSource.QR_SCAN)
-            else -> "That QR code is not an OpenClaw setup QR. Generate a fresh code with openclaw qr, then try again."
+            else -> nativeString("That QR code is not an OpenClaw setup QR. Generate a fresh code with openclaw qr, then try again.")
           }
         showSetupScanError(message)
         return
@@ -586,7 +586,7 @@ fun OnboardingFlow(
 
     fun pairFromManualFields() {
       if (manualTokenLooksLikeSetupCode(token)) {
-        setupError = "That looks like a setup code. Go back and choose Setup Gateway, then Use setup code."
+        setupError = nativeString("That looks like a setup code. Go back and choose Setup Gateway, then Use setup code.")
         return
       }
       val transport =
@@ -637,7 +637,7 @@ fun OnboardingFlow(
           try {
             InputImage.fromFilePath(context, uri)
           } catch (_: Exception) {
-            showSetupScanError("Could not read that image. Choose a clear screenshot or image of the QR from openclaw qr.")
+            showSetupScanError(nativeString("Could not read that image. Choose a clear screenshot or image of the QR from openclaw qr."))
             return@rememberLauncherForActivityResult
           }
         setupBarcodeScanner
@@ -645,12 +645,12 @@ fun OnboardingFlow(
           .addOnSuccessListener { barcodes ->
             val rawValue = barcodes.firstNotNullOfOrNull { barcode -> barcode.rawValue?.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() } }
             if (rawValue == null) {
-              showSetupScanError("No setup QR code was found in that image. Choose the QR generated by openclaw qr, or enter the setup code manually.")
+              showSetupScanError(nativeString("No setup QR code was found in that image. Choose the QR generated by openclaw qr, or enter the setup code manually."))
               return@addOnSuccessListener
             }
             handleScannedSetupCode(rawValue, inputSource = OnboardingGatewayInputSource.SetupGallery)
           }.addOnFailureListener {
-            showSetupScanError("Could not read a QR code from that image. Choose a clearer image or enter the setup code manually.")
+            showSetupScanError(nativeString("Could not read a QR code from that image. Choose a clearer image or enter the setup code manually."))
           }
       }
 
@@ -754,7 +754,7 @@ fun OnboardingFlow(
           onRequestCameraPermission = { cameraPermissionLauncher.launch(Manifest.permission.CAMERA) },
           onCodeScanned = { rawValue -> handleScannedSetupCode(rawValue, inputSource = OnboardingGatewayInputSource.SetupScanner) },
           onCameraError = {
-            showSetupScanError("Could not start the camera. Choose a QR image from gallery or enter the setup code manually.")
+            showSetupScanError(nativeString("Could not start the camera. Choose a QR image from gallery or enter the setup code manually."))
           },
           onCloseScanner = { inlineQrScannerActive = false },
           onChooseFromGallery = {
@@ -2559,13 +2559,13 @@ private fun finishingGatewayProgressItems(
 
 /** Detects gateway-approved states where the Android node is still coming online. */
 internal fun gatewayStatusLooksLikePartialConnect(statusText: String): Boolean {
-  val lower = gatewayStatusForDisplay(statusText).lowercase()
+  val lower = statusText.trim().lowercase()
   return lower.contains("operator offline") || lower.contains("node offline")
 }
 
 /** Detects explicit endpoint/auth failures surfaced as status text without structured details. */
 internal fun gatewayStatusLooksLikeFailure(statusText: String): Boolean {
-  val lower = gatewayStatusForDisplay(statusText).lowercase()
+  val lower = statusText.trim().lowercase()
   return lower.startsWith("failed:") || lower.startsWith("error:") || lower.startsWith("gateway error:")
 }
 
@@ -2616,25 +2616,27 @@ internal fun recoveryGatewayDetail(
   gatewayConnectionProblem: GatewayConnectionProblem?,
 ): String =
   if (ready) {
-    remoteAddress?.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() } ?: "Ready for chat and voice"
+    remoteAddress?.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() } ?: nativeString("Ready for chat and voice")
   } else if (nodeCapabilityApprovalNeedsUserAction(nodeCapabilityApproval)) {
-    "Gateway paired. Waiting for node capability approval."
+    nativeString("Gateway paired. Waiting for node capability approval.")
   } else if (gatewayConnectionProblem?.isPairingRequired == true && !gatewayConnectionProblem.canAutoRetry) {
     recoveryGatewayApprovalCommand(gatewayConnectionProblem)
-      ?.let { "Gateway approval is pending. Run this on the gateway host:" }
-      ?: "Gateway approval is pending. Run openclaw devices list on the gateway host, approve this phone, then retry."
+      ?.let { nativeString("Gateway approval is pending. Run this on the gateway host:") }
+      ?: nativeString(
+        "Gateway approval is pending. Run openclaw devices list on the gateway host, approve this phone, then retry.",
+      )
   } else if (gatewayConnectionProblem?.isPairingRequired == true && gatewayConnectionProblem.canAutoRetry) {
-    "Gateway approval is in progress. OpenClaw will retry automatically."
+    nativeString("Gateway approval is in progress. OpenClaw will retry automatically.")
   } else if (gatewayConnectionProblem != null) {
     recoveryGatewayAuthDetail(gatewayConnectionProblem)
   } else if (nodeCapabilityApproval == GatewayNodeCapabilityApproval.Loading) {
-    "Gateway paired. Checking node capability approval."
+    nativeString("Gateway paired. Checking node capability approval.")
   } else if (statusText.contains("operator offline", ignoreCase = true)) {
-    "Gateway paired. Waiting for operator access."
+    nativeString("Gateway paired. Waiting for operator access.")
   } else if (gatewayStatusLooksLikePairing(statusText)) {
-    "Gateway approval is in progress. OpenClaw will retry automatically."
+    nativeString("Gateway approval is in progress. OpenClaw will retry automatically.")
   } else {
-    remoteAddress?.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() } ?: "Gateway unreachable"
+    remoteAddress?.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() } ?: nativeString("Gateway unreachable")
   }
 
 internal fun recoveryGatewayAuthDetail(gatewayConnectionProblem: GatewayConnectionProblem): String =
@@ -2655,7 +2657,7 @@ internal fun recoveryGatewayAuthDetail(gatewayConnectionProblem: GatewayConnecti
         "update_auth_credentials" -> nativeString("Saved authentication is invalid. Re-authenticate or reset this gateway connection.")
         "update_auth_configuration" -> nativeString("Gateway authentication is not configured. Edit this connection and try again.")
         "review_auth_configuration" -> nativeString("Gateway authentication needs review. Check gateway settings, then retry.")
-        else -> gatewayConnectionProblem.message.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() } ?: "Gateway authentication needs attention."
+        else -> gatewayConnectionProblem.message.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() } ?: nativeString("Gateway authentication needs attention.")
       }
   }
 
@@ -2666,12 +2668,12 @@ private fun recoveryGatewayProtocolMismatchDetail(gatewayConnectionProblem: Gate
   val summary =
     when {
       clientMax != null && expected != null && clientMax < expected ->
-        "This app is older than the Gateway. Update OpenClaw on this device, then retry."
+        nativeString("This app is older than the Gateway. Update OpenClaw on this device, then retry.")
       clientMin != null && expected != null && clientMin > expected ->
-        "The Gateway is older than this app. Update OpenClaw on the Gateway host, then retry."
-      else -> "The app and Gateway use incompatible protocol versions. Update OpenClaw on both, then retry."
+        nativeString("The Gateway is older than this app. Update OpenClaw on the Gateway host, then retry.")
+      else -> nativeString("The app and Gateway use incompatible protocol versions. Update OpenClaw on both, then retry.")
     }
-  return protocolMismatchVersions(clientMin, clientMax, expected)?.let { "$summary $it" } ?: summary
+  return protocolMismatchVersions(clientMin, clientMax, expected)?.let { nativeString("\$summary \$details", summary, it) } ?: summary
 }
 
 internal fun recoveryGatewayProtocolMismatchCommand(
@@ -2863,9 +2865,9 @@ internal fun cameraPermissionRowStatusText(
   androidCameraPermissionGranted: Boolean,
 ): String =
   when {
-    capabilityEnabled -> "Enabled"
-    androidCameraPermissionGranted -> "Off"
-    else -> "Not allowed"
+    capabilityEnabled -> nativeString("Enabled")
+    androidCameraPermissionGranted -> nativeString("Off")
+    else -> nativeString("Not allowed")
   }
 
 internal fun cameraCapabilityAfterRowTap(
diff --git a/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/chat/ChatMarkdown.kt b/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/chat/ChatMarkdown.kt
index bccf7c55b1a5..af114f1949ee 100644
--- a/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/chat/ChatMarkdown.kt
+++ b/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/chat/ChatMarkdown.kt
@@ -722,7 +722,7 @@ private fun InlineBase64Image(
   if (image != null) {
     Image(
       bitmap = image,
-      contentDescription = mimeType ?: "image",
+      contentDescription = mimeType ?: nativeString("Image"),
       contentScale = ContentScale.Fit,
       modifier = Modifier.fillMaxWidth(),
     )
diff --git a/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/chat/ChatMessageViews.kt b/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/chat/ChatMessageViews.kt
index 5fd8667b01af..95fcff65ecf5 100644
--- a/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/chat/ChatMessageViews.kt
+++ b/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/chat/ChatMessageViews.kt
@@ -433,19 +433,19 @@ fun ChatOutboxBubble(
   val statusColor = if (failed) mobileDanger else mobileWarning
   val statusLabel =
     when (item.status) {
-      ChatOutboxStatus.Queued -> "Queued — sends when reconnected"
-      ChatOutboxStatus.Sending -> "Sending…"
-      ChatOutboxStatus.Accepted -> "Sent — confirming delivery…"
+      ChatOutboxStatus.Queued -> nativeString("Queued — sends when reconnected")
+      ChatOutboxStatus.Sending -> nativeString("Sending…")
+      ChatOutboxStatus.Accepted -> nativeString("Sent — confirming delivery…")
       ChatOutboxStatus.Failed ->
         item.lastError
           ?.trim()
           ?.takeIf { it.isNotEmpty() }
-          ?.let { "Failed — $it" } ?: "Failed"
+          ?.let { nativeString("Failed — \$it", it) } ?: nativeString("Failed")
     }
 
   ChatBubbleContainer(
     style = bubbleStyle("user").copy(borderColor = statusColor.copy(alpha = 0.6f)),
-    roleLabel = "You",
+    roleLabel = nativeString("You"),
   ) {
     if (item.text.isNotBlank()) {
       ChatMarkdown(text = item.text, textColor = mobileText)
@@ -566,7 +566,7 @@ internal fun ChatBase64Image(
       Box {
         Image(
           bitmap = image,
-          contentDescription = mimeType ?: "attachment",
+          contentDescription = mimeType ?: nativeString("Attachment"),
           contentScale = ContentScale.Fit,
           modifier = Modifier.fillMaxWidth(),
         )
diff --git a/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/chat/ChatScreen.kt b/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/chat/ChatScreen.kt
index 82048a43bf05..fd3227a4ad6f 100644
--- a/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/chat/ChatScreen.kt
+++ b/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/chat/ChatScreen.kt
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ fun ChatScreen(
       attachments.addAll(merged.attachments)
       shareImportNotice =
         if (merged.failedImageCount + merged.droppedImageCount > 0) {
-          "Some shared images were omitted or could not be added."
+          nativeString("Some shared images were omitted or could not be added.")
         } else {
           null
         }
@@ -653,9 +653,9 @@ private fun ChatHeader(
       ModelPill(
         text =
           when {
-            pendingRunCount > 0 -> "Working"
-            healthOk -> "Ready"
-            else -> "Offline"
+            pendingRunCount > 0 -> nativeString("Working")
+            healthOk -> nativeString("Ready")
+            else -> nativeString("Offline")
           },
         status =
           when {
@@ -1039,9 +1039,9 @@ private fun ChatBubble(
           Text(
             text =
               when {
-                live -> "OpenClaw · Live"
-                isUser -> "You"
-                normalizedRole == "system" -> "System"
+                live -> nativeString("OpenClaw · Live")
+                isUser -> nativeString("You")
+                normalizedRole == "system" -> nativeString("System")
                 else -> nativeString("OpenClaw")
               },
             style = ClawTheme.type.caption.copy(fontSize = 12.5.sp, lineHeight = 16.sp, fontWeight = FontWeight.SemiBold),
@@ -1056,7 +1056,7 @@ private fun ChatBubble(
                   base64 = checkNotNull(part.base64),
                   mimeType = part.mimeType,
                 )
-              else -> Text(text = part.fileName ?: "Attachment", style = ClawTheme.type.body, color = ClawTheme.colors.textMuted)
+              else -> Text(text = part.fileName ?: nativeString("Attachment"), style = ClawTheme.type.body, color = ClawTheme.colors.textMuted)
             }
           }
           if (messageId != null) {
@@ -1569,7 +1569,7 @@ private fun SlashCommandRow(
       )
       Column(modifier = Modifier.weight(1f), verticalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(1.dp)) {
         Text(
-          text = command.description.ifBlank { command.category ?: "Command" },
+          text = command.description.ifBlank { command.category ?: nativeString("Command") },
           style = ClawTheme.type.caption,
           color = ClawTheme.colors.textMuted,
           maxLines = 1,
@@ -1786,7 +1786,7 @@ private fun AttachmentChip(
       }
       Text(
         text =
-          attachment.durationMs?.let { duration -> "Voice note · ${formatVoiceNoteDuration(duration)}" }
+          attachment.durationMs?.let { duration -> nativeString("Voice note · \${formatVoiceNoteDuration(duration)}", formatVoiceNoteDuration(duration)) }
             ?: attachment.fileName,
         style = ClawTheme.type.caption,
         color = ClawTheme.colors.textMuted,
@@ -1817,7 +1817,7 @@ private fun chatSessionChipText(
 ): String {
   val mainKey = mainSessionKey.trim().ifEmpty { "main" }
   if (entry.key == mainKey || (entry.key == "main" && mainKey == "main")) return nativeString("Main")
-  val name = entry.displayName?.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() } ?: entry.key.takeIf { entry.updatedAtMs != null } ?: "Current"
+  val name = entry.displayName?.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() } ?: entry.key.takeIf { entry.updatedAtMs != null } ?: nativeString("Current")
   return friendlySessionName(name)
 }
 
@@ -1894,9 +1894,9 @@ internal fun userFacingChatError(
 ): String {
   val lower = error.lowercase(Locale.US)
   return when {
-    lower.contains("not connected") && gatewayConnected -> "Chat is still checking Gateway health."
-    lower.contains("not connected") -> "Gateway is offline. Fix the connection below or copy diagnostics."
-    lower.contains("unauthorized") || lower.contains("auth") -> "Gateway authentication needs attention."
+    lower.contains("not connected") && gatewayConnected -> nativeString("Chat is still checking Gateway health.")
+    lower.contains("not connected") -> nativeString("Gateway is offline. Fix the connection below or copy diagnostics.")
+    lower.contains("unauthorized") || lower.contains("auth") -> nativeString("Gateway authentication needs attention.")
     else -> error
   }
 }
@@ -1913,7 +1913,10 @@ internal fun contextMeterLabel(
   thinkingLevel: String,
   thinkingSupported: Boolean = true,
 ): String {
-  val contextLabel = contextMeterWidth(usage)?.let { "Context ${(it * 100).roundToInt()}%" } ?: "Context --"
+  val contextLabel =
+    contextMeterWidth(usage)?.let {
+      nativeString("Context \${(it * 100).roundToInt()}%", (it * 100).roundToInt())
+    } ?: nativeString("Context --")
   return if (thinkingSupported) nativeString("\$contextLabel · \${contextMeterThinkingLabel(thinkingLevel)}", contextLabel, contextMeterThinkingLabel(thinkingLevel)) else contextLabel
 }
 
diff --git a/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/voice/MicCaptureManager.kt b/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/voice/MicCaptureManager.kt
index 9e07abea0a93..0c5a4532c0c8 100644
--- a/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/voice/MicCaptureManager.kt
+++ b/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/voice/MicCaptureManager.kt
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ internal class MicCaptureManager(
           _statusText.value =
             when {
               _micEnabled.value && _isSending.value -> nativeString("Listening · sending queued voice")
-              _micEnabled.value -> "Listening"
+              _micEnabled.value -> nativeString("Listening")
               _isSending.value -> nativeString("Mic off · sending…")
               else -> nativeString("Mic off")
             }
@@ -602,7 +602,8 @@ internal class MicCaptureManager(
     sendQueuedIfIdle()
   }
 
-  private fun queuedWaitingStatus(): String = "${queuedMessageCount()} queued · waiting for gateway"
+  private fun queuedWaitingStatus(): String =
+    nativeString("\${queuedMessageCount()} queued · waiting for gateway", queuedMessageCount())
 
   private fun appendConversation(
     role: VoiceConversationRole,
@@ -783,8 +784,8 @@ internal class MicCaptureManager(
   private fun listeningStatus(): String =
     when {
       _isSending.value -> nativeString("Listening · sending queued voice")
-      hasQueuedMessages() -> "Listening · ${queuedMessageCount()} queued"
-      else -> "Listening"
+      hasQueuedMessages() -> nativeString("Listening · \${queuedMessageCount()} queued", queuedMessageCount())
+      else -> nativeString("Listening")
     }
 
   private fun pcm16ToPcmu(pcm16: ByteArray): ByteArray {
diff --git a/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/voice/TalkModeManager.kt b/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/voice/TalkModeManager.kt
index 4c483fca7023..69268c972bdd 100644
--- a/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/voice/TalkModeManager.kt
+++ b/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/voice/TalkModeManager.kt
@@ -2798,21 +2798,21 @@ class TalkModeManager internal constructor(
         if (stopRequested) return
         _isListening.value = false
         if (error == SpeechRecognizer.ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_PERMISSIONS) {
-          setStatus("Microphone permission required")
+          setStatus(nativeString("Microphone permission required"))
           return
         }
 
         setStatus(
           when (error) {
-            SpeechRecognizer.ERROR_AUDIO -> "Audio error"
-            SpeechRecognizer.ERROR_CLIENT -> "Client error"
-            SpeechRecognizer.ERROR_NETWORK -> "Network error"
-            SpeechRecognizer.ERROR_NETWORK_TIMEOUT -> "Network timeout"
+            SpeechRecognizer.ERROR_AUDIO -> nativeString("Audio error")
+            SpeechRecognizer.ERROR_CLIENT -> nativeString("Client error")
+            SpeechRecognizer.ERROR_NETWORK -> nativeString("Network error")
+            SpeechRecognizer.ERROR_NETWORK_TIMEOUT -> nativeString("Network timeout")
             SpeechRecognizer.ERROR_NO_MATCH -> nativeString("Listening")
-            SpeechRecognizer.ERROR_RECOGNIZER_BUSY -> "Recognizer busy"
-            SpeechRecognizer.ERROR_SERVER -> "Server error"
+            SpeechRecognizer.ERROR_RECOGNIZER_BUSY -> nativeString("Recognizer busy")
+            SpeechRecognizer.ERROR_SERVER -> nativeString("Server error")
             SpeechRecognizer.ERROR_SPEECH_TIMEOUT -> nativeString("Listening")
-            else -> "Speech error ($error)"
+            else -> nativeString("Speech error (\$error)", error)
           },
         )
         scheduleRestart(delayMs = 600)