diff --git a/src/cli/command-catalog.ts b/src/cli/command-catalog.ts
index c9279cebd058..d145af619fe9 100644
--- a/src/cli/command-catalog.ts
+++ b/src/cli/command-catalog.ts
@@ -227,7 +227,10 @@ export const cliCommandCatalog: readonly CliCommandCatalogEntry[] = [
       policy: { configGuard: "validate", loadPlugins: "never", networkProxy: "bypass" },
     }),
   ),
-  { commandPath: ["gateway", "diagnostics"], exact: true, policy: { networkProxy: "bypass" } },
+  {
+    commandPath: ["gateway", "diagnostics"],
+    policy: { configGuard: "skip", loadPlugins: "never", networkProxy: "bypass" },
+  },
   { commandPath: ["gateway", "discover"], exact: true, policy: { networkProxy: "bypass" } },
   {
     commandPath: ["gateway", "health"],
diff --git a/src/cli/command-path-policy.test.ts b/src/cli/command-path-policy.test.ts
index 83d147dc69ac..a79c60253f23 100644
--- a/src/cli/command-path-policy.test.ts
+++ b/src/cli/command-path-policy.test.ts
@@ -294,6 +294,7 @@ describe("command-path-policy", () => {
     ["skills"],
     ["skills", "list"],
     ["skills", "check"],
+    ["gateway", "diagnostics", "export"],
     ["gateway", "stability"],
     ["gateway", "usage-cost"],
   ])("keeps read-only cold path %s out of startup config and plugins", (...commandPath) => {
diff --git a/src/cli/command-startup-policy.test.ts b/src/cli/command-startup-policy.test.ts
index 1c9ff3273848..61d07c8168bb 100644
--- a/src/cli/command-startup-policy.test.ts
+++ b/src/cli/command-startup-policy.test.ts
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ describe("command-startup-policy", () => {
       ["hooks", "check"],
       ["memory", "search"],
       ["memory", "status"],
+      ["gateway", "diagnostics", "export"],
       ["gateway", "stability"],
       ["gateway", "usage-cost"],
     ]) {
diff --git a/src/cli/daemon-cli/probe.test.ts b/src/cli/daemon-cli/probe.test.ts
index 7c11f468d7fb..fa4334b8c0bc 100644
--- a/src/cli/daemon-cli/probe.test.ts
+++ b/src/cli/daemon-cli/probe.test.ts
@@ -322,6 +322,7 @@ describe("probeGatewayStatus", () => {
       tlsFingerprint: "abc123",
       method: "status",
       timeoutMs: 5_000,
+      sharedStateMode: "read-only",
       configPath: "/tmp/openclaw-daemon/openclaw.json",
     });
   });
@@ -368,6 +369,7 @@ describe("probeGatewayStatus", () => {
       config,
       method: "status",
       timeoutMs: 30_000,
+      sharedStateMode: "read-only",
     });
   });
 
@@ -413,6 +415,7 @@ describe("probeGatewayStatus", () => {
       tlsFingerprint: undefined,
       method: "status",
       timeoutMs: 5_000,
+      sharedStateMode: "read-only",
     });
   });
 
diff --git a/src/cli/daemon-cli/probe.ts b/src/cli/daemon-cli/probe.ts
index b2c32b767094..c7916d0541fd 100644
--- a/src/cli/daemon-cli/probe.ts
+++ b/src/cli/daemon-cli/probe.ts
@@ -123,6 +123,7 @@ export async function probeGatewayStatus(opts: {
             ...(allowRpcConfigCredentials && opts.config ? { config: opts.config } : {}),
             method: "status",
             timeoutMs: opts.timeoutMs,
+            sharedStateMode: "read-only",
             ...(opts.configPath ? { configPath: opts.configPath } : {}),
           });
           statusRuntimeVersion = readRuntimeVersionFromStatusPayload(statusPayload);
diff --git a/src/cli/gateway-backed-exit.process.test.ts b/src/cli/gateway-backed-exit.process.test.ts
index c095d5eef63d..722f445940aa 100644
--- a/src/cli/gateway-backed-exit.process.test.ts
+++ b/src/cli/gateway-backed-exit.process.test.ts
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import type { AddressInfo } from "node:net";
 import path from "node:path";
 import { pathToFileURL } from "node:url";
 import { promisify } from "node:util";
+import { isLoopbackIpAddress, isPrivateOrLoopbackIpAddress } from "@openclaw/net-policy/ip";
 import { afterEach, describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
 import { WebSocketServer } from "ws";
 import { gatewayOriginScope } from "../../packages/gateway-client/src/gateway-origin-scope.js";
@@ -23,6 +24,10 @@ import {
   storeOriginDeviceToken,
 } from "../infra/device-auth-store.js";
 import { loadOrCreateDeviceIdentity } from "../infra/device-identity.js";
+import {
+  pickMatchingExternalInterfaceAddress,
+  readNetworkInterfaces,
+} from "../infra/network-interfaces.js";
 import { closeOpenClawStateDatabaseForTest } from "../state/openclaw-state-db.js";
 import { getFreePort } from "../test-utils/ports.js";
 
@@ -31,6 +36,13 @@ const execFileAsync = promisify(execFile);
 const activeChildren = new Set<ChildProcessWithoutNullStreams>();
 const activeServers = new Set<WebSocketServer>();
 const UNREACHABLE_GATEWAY_URL = "ws://127.0.0.1:9";
+const EMPTY_STABILITY_SNAPSHOT = {
+  capacity: 100,
+  count: 0,
+  dropped: 0,
+  events: [],
+  summary: { byType: {} },
+};
 
 afterEach(async () => {
   await Promise.all(
@@ -179,6 +191,72 @@ async function startNodePairingGateway(
   return { calls, url: `ws://127.0.0.1:${address.port}` };
 }
 
+async function startGatewayStabilityRpcServer(
+  token: string,
+  issuedDeviceToken: string,
+): Promise<{
+  authTokens: Array<string | undefined>;
+  calls: string[];
+  url: string;
+}> {
+  const authTokens: Array<string | undefined> = [];
+  const calls: string[] = [];
+  const wss = new WebSocketServer({ host: "0.0.0.0", port: 0 });
+  activeServers.add(wss);
+  wss.on("connection", (ws) => {
+    sendMinimalGatewayConnectChallenge(ws);
+    ws.on("message", (data) => {
+      const frame = parseMinimalGatewayRequestFrame(data);
+      if (frame.type !== "req" || !frame.id) {
+        return;
+      }
+      if (frame.method === "connect") {
+        expect(frame.params?.auth?.token).toBe(token);
+        authTokens.push(frame.params?.auth?.token);
+        sendMinimalGatewayResponse(
+          ws,
+          frame.id,
+          buildMinimalGatewayHelloOkPayload({
+            methods: ["diagnostics.stability", "status"],
+            auth: {
+              role: "operator",
+              scopes: ["operator.admin"],
+              deviceToken: issuedDeviceToken,
+            },
+          }),
+        );
+        return;
+      }
+      if (typeof frame.method !== "string") {
+        return;
+      }
+      calls.push(frame.method);
+      if (frame.method === "diagnostics.stability") {
+        sendMinimalGatewayResponse(ws, frame.id, EMPTY_STABILITY_SNAPSHOT);
+        return;
+      }
+      if (frame.method === "status") {
+        sendMinimalGatewayResponse(ws, frame.id, {
+          runtimeVersion: "2026.8.17-test",
+          status: "ok",
+        });
+      }
+    });
+  });
+  await once(wss, "listening");
+  const address = wss.address() as AddressInfo;
+  // A private non-loopback target keeps shared-secret auth from bypassing device identity.
+  const host = pickMatchingExternalInterfaceAddress(readNetworkInterfaces(), {
+    family: "IPv4",
+    matches: (candidate) =>
+      isPrivateOrLoopbackIpAddress(candidate) && !isLoopbackIpAddress(candidate),
+  });
+  if (!host) {
+    throw new Error("test host has no non-loopback private IPv4 address");
+  }
+  return { authTokens, calls, url: `ws://${host}:${address.port}` };
+}
+
 async function snapshotDirectoryContents(root: string): Promise<Record<string, string>> {
   const snapshot: Record<string, string> = {};
   const visit = async (directory: string): Promise<void> => {
@@ -466,6 +544,188 @@ describe("gateway-backed CLI process exit", () => {
     ).toBe(storedToken);
   }, 30_000);
 
+  it("calls a reachable Gateway with explicit auth without creating shared state", async () => {
+    const root = tempDirs.make("openclaw-gateway-call-explicit-auth-");
+    const stateDir = path.join(root, "state");
+    const configPath = path.join(stateDir, "openclaw.json");
+    const token = "configured-token";
+    const gateway = await startGatewayStabilityRpcServer(token, "issued-device-token");
+    await fs.mkdir(stateDir, { recursive: true });
+    await fs.writeFile(
+      configPath,
+      JSON.stringify({ gateway: { mode: "remote", remote: { url: gateway.url, token } } }),
+    );
+    expect(await snapshotSharedStateArtifacts(stateDir)).toEqual({});
+
+    const result = await runIsolatedGatewayCli({
+      args: ["gateway", "call", "diagnostics.stability", "--json"],
+      root,
+      stateDir,
+      configPath,
+    });
+
+    expect(result, result.stderr).toMatchObject({ code: 0, signal: null, stderr: "" });
+    expect(JSON.parse(result.stdout)).toEqual(EMPTY_STABILITY_SNAPSHOT);
+    expect(gateway.authTokens).toEqual([token]);
+    expect(gateway.calls).toEqual(["diagnostics.stability"]);
+    expect(await snapshotSharedStateArtifacts(stateDir)).toEqual({});
+  }, 30_000);
+
+  it("calls a reachable Gateway with stored auth without changing shared state", async () => {
+    const root = tempDirs.make("openclaw-gateway-call-stored-auth-");
+    const stateDir = path.join(root, "state");
+    const configPath = path.join(stateDir, "openclaw.json");
+    const storedToken = "stored-device-token";
+    const gateway = await startGatewayStabilityRpcServer(storedToken, "issued-device-token");
+    const stateEnv = {
+      ...process.env,
+      HOME: root,
+      OPENCLAW_HOME: root,
+      OPENCLAW_STATE_DIR: stateDir,
+    };
+    await fs.mkdir(stateDir, { recursive: true });
+    await fs.writeFile(
+      configPath,
+      JSON.stringify({ gateway: { mode: "remote", remote: { url: gateway.url } } }),
+    );
+    const identity = loadOrCreateDeviceIdentity({ env: stateEnv });
+    storeOriginDeviceToken({
+      gatewayScope: gatewayOriginScope(gateway.url),
+      deviceId: identity.deviceId,
+      role: "operator",
+      token: storedToken,
+      scopes: ["operator.admin"],
+      env: stateEnv,
+    });
+    closeOpenClawStateDatabaseForTest();
+    const before = await snapshotSharedStateArtifacts(stateDir);
+
+    const result = await runIsolatedGatewayCli({
+      args: ["gateway", "call", "diagnostics.stability", "--json"],
+      root,
+      stateDir,
+      configPath,
+    });
+
+    expect(result, result.stderr).toMatchObject({ code: 0, signal: null, stderr: "" });
+    expect(JSON.parse(result.stdout)).toEqual(EMPTY_STABILITY_SNAPSHOT);
+    expect(gateway.authTokens).toEqual([storedToken]);
+    expect(gateway.calls).toEqual(["diagnostics.stability"]);
+    expect(
+      loadOriginDeviceTokenReadOnly({
+        gatewayScope: gatewayOriginScope(gateway.url),
+        deviceId: identity.deviceId,
+        role: "operator",
+        env: stateEnv,
+      })?.token,
+    ).toBe(storedToken);
+    expect(await snapshotSharedStateArtifacts(stateDir)).toEqual(before);
+  }, 30_000);
+
+  it.each([
+    { label: "absent", seeded: false },
+    { label: "seeded", seeded: true },
+  ])(
+    "requires a reachable status RPC without changing $label shared state",
+    async ({ label, seeded }) => {
+      const root = tempDirs.make(`openclaw-gateway-status-${label}-`);
+      const stateDir = path.join(root, "state");
+      const configPath = path.join(stateDir, "openclaw.json");
+      const token = "configured-token";
+      const gateway = await startGatewayStabilityRpcServer(token, "issued-device-token");
+      const stateEnv = {
+        ...process.env,
+        HOME: root,
+        OPENCLAW_HOME: root,
+        OPENCLAW_STATE_DIR: stateDir,
+      };
+      await fs.mkdir(stateDir, { recursive: true });
+      await fs.writeFile(
+        configPath,
+        JSON.stringify({ gateway: { mode: "remote", remote: { url: gateway.url, token } } }),
+      );
+      if (seeded) {
+        const identity = loadOrCreateDeviceIdentity({ env: stateEnv });
+        storeOriginDeviceToken({
+          gatewayScope: gatewayOriginScope(gateway.url),
+          deviceId: identity.deviceId,
+          role: "operator",
+          token,
+          scopes: ["operator.admin"],
+          env: stateEnv,
+        });
+        closeOpenClawStateDatabaseForTest();
+      }
+      const before = await snapshotSharedStateArtifacts(stateDir);
+      expect(Object.keys(before).includes("openclaw.sqlite")).toBe(seeded);
+
+      const result = await runIsolatedGatewayCli({
+        args: [
+          "gateway",
+          "status",
+          "--url",
+          gateway.url,
+          "--token",
+          token,
+          "--require-rpc",
+          "--json",
+          "--timeout",
+          "2000",
+        ],
+        root,
+        stateDir,
+        configPath,
+      });
+
+      expect(result, result.stderr).toMatchObject({ code: 0, signal: null, stderr: "" });
+      expect(JSON.parse(result.stdout)).toMatchObject({
+        rpc: { ok: true, kind: "read" },
+      });
+      expect(gateway.calls).toEqual(["status"]);
+      expect(await snapshotSharedStateArtifacts(stateDir)).toEqual(before);
+    },
+    30_000,
+  );
+
+  it.each([
+    { label: "absent", seeded: false },
+    { label: "seeded", seeded: true },
+  ])(
+    "exports diagnostics without changing $label shared state",
+    async ({ label, seeded }) => {
+      const fixture = await prepareUnreachableGatewayCliFixture({
+        label: `gateway-diagnostics-export-${label}`,
+        seeded,
+      });
+      const outputPath = path.join(fixture.root, "diagnostics.zip");
+      const before = await snapshotSharedStateArtifacts(fixture.stateDir);
+
+      const result = await runIsolatedGatewayCli({
+        ...fixture,
+        args: [
+          "gateway",
+          "diagnostics",
+          "export",
+          "--json",
+          "--no-stability-bundle",
+          "--output",
+          outputPath,
+        ],
+      });
+
+      expect(result, result.stderr).toMatchObject({ code: 0, signal: null, stderr: "" });
+      const payload = JSON.parse(result.stdout) as { bytes?: unknown; path?: unknown };
+      expect(payload.path).toBe(outputPath);
+      expect(payload.bytes).toEqual(expect.any(Number));
+      expect(payload.bytes).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+      const outputStat = await fs.stat(outputPath);
+      expect(outputStat.isFile()).toBe(true);
+      expect(outputStat.size).toBe(payload.bytes);
+      expect(await snapshotSharedStateArtifacts(fixture.stateDir)).toEqual(before);
+    },
+    30_000,
+  );
+
   it("rejects invalid remote config before a node pairing mutation without opening state", async () => {
     const root = tempDirs.make("openclaw-node-pairing-invalid-config-");
     const stateDir = path.join(root, "state");
diff --git a/src/cli/gateway-cli/health-route.test.ts b/src/cli/gateway-cli/health-route.test.ts
index 60ac656b4b2f..2c58b1e9b6eb 100644
--- a/src/cli/gateway-cli/health-route.test.ts
+++ b/src/cli/gateway-cli/health-route.test.ts
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ describe("runGatewayHealthJsonRoute", () => {
   it("writes successful JSON without loading error-only dependencies", async () => {
     const runtime = createRuntime();
     const callGateway = vi.fn(async () => ({ ok: true, durationMs: 6 }));
-    const readBestEffortHealthConfig = vi.fn(async () => ({}));
+    const readNonObservingHealthConfig = vi.fn(async () => ({}));
     const emitReachableGatewayAuthDiagnostic = vi.fn(async () => false);
     const formatGatewayAuthErrorJson = vi.fn();
     const formatGatewayClientRequestErrorJson = vi.fn();
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ describe("runGatewayHealthJsonRoute", () => {
       runtime as never,
       {
         callGateway,
-        readBestEffortHealthConfig,
+        readNonObservingHealthConfig,
         emitReachableGatewayAuthDiagnostic: emitReachableGatewayAuthDiagnostic as never,
         formatGatewayAuthErrorJson: formatGatewayAuthErrorJson as never,
         formatGatewayClientRequestErrorJson: formatGatewayClientRequestErrorJson as never,
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ describe("runGatewayHealthJsonRoute", () => {
       { defaultTimeoutMs: 10_000, sharedStateMode: "read-only" },
     );
     expect(runtime.writeJson).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ ok: true, durationMs: 6 }, 2);
-    expect(readBestEffortHealthConfig).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(readNonObservingHealthConfig).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
     expect(emitReachableGatewayAuthDiagnostic).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
     expect(formatGatewayAuthErrorJson).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
     expect(formatGatewayClientRequestErrorJson).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ describe("runGatewayHealthJsonRoute", () => {
   it("projects a local port into the routed config", async () => {
     const runtime = createRuntime();
     const callGateway = vi.fn(async () => ({ ok: true }));
-    const readBestEffortHealthConfig = vi.fn(async () => ({
+    const readNonObservingHealthConfig = vi.fn(async () => ({
       gateway: { auth: { mode: "token" as const } },
     }));
 
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ describe("runGatewayHealthJsonRoute", () => {
         localPortOverride: 19083,
       },
       runtime as never,
-      { callGateway, readBestEffortHealthConfig },
+      { callGateway, readNonObservingHealthConfig },
     );
 
     expect(callGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ describe("runGatewayHealthJsonRoute", () => {
       runtime as never,
       {
         callGateway,
-        readBestEffortHealthConfig: vi.fn(async () => {
+        readNonObservingHealthConfig: vi.fn(async () => {
           throw error;
         }),
       },
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ describe("runGatewayHealthJsonRoute", () => {
 
     await runGatewayHealthJsonRoute({ rpc: { json: true, timeout: "10000" } }, runtime as never, {
       callGateway,
-      readBestEffortHealthConfig: async () => ({}),
+      readNonObservingHealthConfig: async () => ({}),
       emitReachableGatewayAuthDiagnostic: vi.fn(async () => false) as never,
       formatGatewayAuthErrorJson: vi.fn(() => null) as never,
       formatGatewayClientRequestErrorJson: vi.fn(() => null) as never,
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ describe("runGatewayHealthJsonRoute", () => {
 
     await runGatewayHealthJsonRoute({ rpc: { json: true, timeout: "10000" } }, runtime as never, {
       callGateway,
-      readBestEffortHealthConfig: async () => ({}),
+      readNonObservingHealthConfig: async () => ({}),
       emitReachableGatewayAuthDiagnostic: vi.fn(async () => false) as never,
       formatGatewayAuthErrorJson: formatGatewayAuthErrorJson as never,
       formatGatewayClientRequestErrorJson: formatGatewayClientRequestErrorJson as never,
diff --git a/src/cli/gateway-cli/health-route.ts b/src/cli/gateway-cli/health-route.ts
index c0ed54f57d14..81b82afed9c9 100644
--- a/src/cli/gateway-cli/health-route.ts
+++ b/src/cli/gateway-cli/health-route.ts
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ type GatewayHealthJsonRouteArgs = {
 
 type GatewayHealthRouteDependencies = {
   callGateway?: typeof import("../gateway-rpc.js").callGatewayFromCliWithTransport;
-  readBestEffortHealthConfig?: typeof import("../../commands/health.js").readBestEffortHealthConfig;
+  readNonObservingHealthConfig?: typeof import("../../commands/health.js").readNonObservingHealthConfig;
   emitReachableGatewayAuthDiagnostic?: typeof import("../../commands/health.js").emitReachableGatewayAuthDiagnostic;
   formatGatewayAuthErrorJson?: typeof import("../../gateway/call.js").formatGatewayAuthErrorJson;
   formatGatewayClientRequestErrorJson?: typeof import("../../gateway/call.js").formatGatewayClientRequestErrorJson;
@@ -27,10 +27,10 @@ async function resolveRouteRpcOptions(
   if (args.localPortOverride === undefined) {
     return args.rpc;
   }
-  const readBestEffortHealthConfig =
-    deps.readBestEffortHealthConfig ??
-    (await import("../../commands/health.js")).readBestEffortHealthConfig;
-  const config = await readBestEffortHealthConfig();
+  const readNonObservingHealthConfig =
+    deps.readNonObservingHealthConfig ??
+    (await import("../../commands/health.js")).readNonObservingHealthConfig;
+  const config = await readNonObservingHealthConfig();
   return {
     ...args.rpc,
     localPortOverride: args.localPortOverride,
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ export async function runGatewayHealthJsonRoute(
       return;
     }
     const [healthModule, callModule] = await Promise.all([
-      deps.emitReachableGatewayAuthDiagnostic && deps.readBestEffortHealthConfig
+      deps.emitReachableGatewayAuthDiagnostic && deps.readNonObservingHealthConfig
         ? undefined
         : import("../../commands/health.js"),
       deps.formatGatewayAuthErrorJson &&
@@ -81,14 +81,14 @@ export async function runGatewayHealthJsonRoute(
     ]);
     const emitReachableGatewayAuthDiagnostic =
       deps.emitReachableGatewayAuthDiagnostic ?? healthModule?.emitReachableGatewayAuthDiagnostic;
-    const readBestEffortHealthConfig =
-      deps.readBestEffortHealthConfig ?? healthModule?.readBestEffortHealthConfig;
-    if (!emitReachableGatewayAuthDiagnostic || !readBestEffortHealthConfig) {
+    const readNonObservingHealthConfig =
+      deps.readNonObservingHealthConfig ?? healthModule?.readNonObservingHealthConfig;
+    if (!emitReachableGatewayAuthDiagnostic || !readNonObservingHealthConfig) {
       throw error;
     }
     const handled = await emitReachableGatewayAuthDiagnostic({
       error,
-      config: rpc.config ?? (await readBestEffortHealthConfig()),
+      config: rpc.config ?? (await readNonObservingHealthConfig()),
       runtime,
       timeoutMs: Number(rpc.timeout ?? "10000"),
       token: rpc.token,
diff --git a/src/cli/gateway-cli/register.option-collisions.test.ts b/src/cli/gateway-cli/register.option-collisions.test.ts
index add87a046ab1..195ea418b730 100644
--- a/src/cli/gateway-cli/register.option-collisions.test.ts
+++ b/src/cli/gateway-cli/register.option-collisions.test.ts
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ vi.mock("../../commands/health.js", () => ({
   emitReachableGatewayAuthDiagnostic: (params: unknown) =>
     mocks.emitReachableGatewayAuthDiagnostic(params),
   formatHealthChannelLines: () => mocks.formatHealthChannelLines(),
-  readBestEffortHealthConfig: async () => ({}),
+  readNonObservingHealthConfig: async () => ({}),
 }));
 
 vi.mock("../../config/read-best-effort-config.runtime.js", () => ({
diff --git a/src/cli/gateway-cli/register.ts b/src/cli/gateway-cli/register.ts
index ed6a9f6b4cae..855004c07cf8 100644
--- a/src/cli/gateway-cli/register.ts
+++ b/src/cli/gateway-cli/register.ts
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ function gatewayCallOpts(cmd: Command, defaultTimeoutMs = DEFAULT_GATEWAY_RPC_TI
     .option("--json", "Output JSON", false);
 }
 
-async function callGatewayCli(method: string, opts: GatewayRpcOpts, params?: unknown) {
+async function callGatewayReadOnlyCli(method: string, opts: GatewayRpcOpts, params?: unknown) {
   return await callGatewayFromCliWithTransport(method, opts, params, {
     defaultTimeoutMs: DEFAULT_GATEWAY_RPC_TIMEOUT_MS,
     sharedStateMode: "read-only",
@@ -513,7 +513,7 @@ async function writeSupportExportFromCli(opts: {
         deep: false,
       });
     },
-    readHealthSnapshot: async () => await callGatewayCli("health", rpc),
+    readHealthSnapshot: async () => await callGatewayReadOnlyCli("health", rpc),
   });
   if (opts.json) {
     defaultRuntime.writeJson(result);
@@ -589,7 +589,7 @@ export function registerGatewayCli(program: Command, deps: GatewayCliDependencie
                 : opts;
             const rpcOpts = await resolveGatewayRpcOptionsWithLocalPort(callOpts, command);
             const params = parseGatewayCallParams(String(opts.params ?? "{}"));
-            const result = await callGatewayCli(method, rpcOpts, params);
+            const result = await callGatewayReadOnlyCli(method, rpcOpts, params);
             if (rpcOpts.json) {
               defaultRuntime.writeJson(result);
               return;
@@ -624,7 +624,7 @@ export function registerGatewayCli(program: Command, deps: GatewayCliDependencie
                 waitSeconds: opts.wait,
                 json: Boolean(rpcOpts.json),
               },
-              { callGateway: callGatewayCli, runtime: defaultRuntime },
+              { callGateway: callGatewayReadOnlyCli, runtime: defaultRuntime },
             );
           },
           "Gateway suspend failed",
@@ -645,7 +645,7 @@ export function registerGatewayCli(program: Command, deps: GatewayCliDependencie
             const rpcOpts = await resolveGatewayRpcOptionsWithLocalPort(opts, command);
             await runGatewayResume(
               { rpcOpts, suspensionId: String(suspensionId), json: Boolean(rpcOpts.json) },
-              { callGateway: callGatewayCli, runtime: defaultRuntime },
+              { callGateway: callGatewayReadOnlyCli, runtime: defaultRuntime },
             );
           },
           "Gateway resume failed",
@@ -672,7 +672,7 @@ export function registerGatewayCli(program: Command, deps: GatewayCliDependencie
             if (agentId && opts.allAgents) {
               throw new Error("Use --agent or --all-agents, not both");
             }
-            const summary = (await callGatewayCli("usage.cost", rpcOpts, {
+            const summary = (await callGatewayReadOnlyCli("usage.cost", rpcOpts, {
               days,
               ...(agentId ? { agentId } : {}),
               ...(opts.allAgents ? { agentScope: "all" } : {}),
@@ -703,14 +703,14 @@ export function registerGatewayCli(program: Command, deps: GatewayCliDependencie
             const rpcOpts = await resolveGatewayRpcOptionsWithLocalPort(opts, command);
             let result: unknown;
             try {
-              result = await callGatewayCli("health", rpcOpts);
+              result = await callGatewayReadOnlyCli("health", rpcOpts);
             } catch (error) {
-              const { emitReachableGatewayAuthDiagnostic, readBestEffortHealthConfig } = await (
+              const { emitReachableGatewayAuthDiagnostic, readNonObservingHealthConfig } = await (
                 deps.loadGatewayHealthModule ?? loadGatewayHealthModule
               )();
               const handled = await emitReachableGatewayAuthDiagnostic({
                 error,
-                config: rpcOpts.config ?? (await readBestEffortHealthConfig()),
+                config: rpcOpts.config ?? (await readNonObservingHealthConfig()),
                 runtime: defaultRuntime,
                 timeoutMs: parseGatewayRpcTimeoutOption(rpcOpts.timeout),
                 token: rpcOpts.token,
@@ -817,7 +817,7 @@ export function registerGatewayCli(program: Command, deps: GatewayCliDependencie
               return;
             }
 
-            const result = await callGatewayCli("diagnostics.stability", rpcOpts, {
+            const result = await callGatewayReadOnlyCli("diagnostics.stability", rpcOpts, {
               limit: query.limit,
               ...(query.type ? { type: query.type } : {}),
               ...(query.sinceSeq !== undefined ? { sinceSeq: query.sinceSeq } : {}),
diff --git a/src/commands/health.ts b/src/commands/health.ts
index d002ff7a5f7e..34c5d59fc4fe 100644
--- a/src/commands/health.ts
+++ b/src/commands/health.ts
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ export async function healthCommand(
   },
   runtime: RuntimeEnv,
 ) {
-  const cfg = opts.config ?? (await readBestEffortHealthConfig());
+  const cfg = opts.config ?? (await readNonObservingHealthConfig());
   // Always query the running gateway; do not open a direct Baileys socket here.
   let summary: HealthSummary;
   try {
@@ -563,7 +563,7 @@ export async function healthCommand(
   }
 }
 
-export async function readBestEffortHealthConfig(): Promise<OpenClawConfig> {
+export async function readNonObservingHealthConfig(): Promise<OpenClawConfig> {
   const { readConfigFileSnapshot } = await loadConfigRuntime();
   const snapshot = await readConfigFileSnapshot({
     observe: false,
diff --git a/src/gateway/call.test.ts b/src/gateway/call.test.ts
index 7d476a776e98..e77ffdc9f129 100644
--- a/src/gateway/call.test.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/call.test.ts
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ const deviceIdentityState = vi.hoisted(() => ({
   throwOnLoad: false,
 }));
 const loadOrCreateDeviceIdentityMock = vi.hoisted(() => vi.fn());
-const loadDeviceIdentityIfPresentReadOnlyMock = vi.hoisted(() => vi.fn());
+const loadDeviceIdentityIfPresentMock = vi.hoisted(() => vi.fn());
 const loadDeviceAuthTokenMock = vi.hoisted(() =>
   vi.fn<(...args: unknown[]) => DeviceAuthEntry | null>(() => null),
 );
@@ -142,8 +142,8 @@ vi.mock("../infra/device-identity.js", async (importOriginal) => {
       }
       return deviceIdentityState.value;
     },
-    loadDeviceIdentityIfPresentReadOnly: () => {
-      loadDeviceIdentityIfPresentReadOnlyMock();
+    loadDeviceIdentityIfPresent: () => {
+      loadDeviceIdentityIfPresentMock();
       if (deviceIdentityState.throwOnLoad) {
         throw new Error("read-only identity dir");
       }
@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ function resetGatewayCallMocks() {
   gatewayClientStopAndWait = async () => {};
   deviceIdentityState.throwOnLoad = false;
   loadOrCreateDeviceIdentityMock.mockReset();
-  loadDeviceIdentityIfPresentReadOnlyMock.mockReset();
+  loadDeviceIdentityIfPresentMock.mockReset();
   loadDeviceAuthTokenMock.mockReset();
   loadDeviceAuthTokenMock.mockReturnValue({
     token: "paired-device-token",
@@ -1044,7 +1044,7 @@ describe("callGateway url resolution", () => {
 
     expect(lastClientOptions?.deviceIdentity).toEqual(deviceIdentityState.value);
     expect(lastClientOptions?.sharedStateMode).toBe("read-only");
-    expect(loadDeviceIdentityIfPresentReadOnlyMock).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
+    expect(loadDeviceIdentityIfPresentMock).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
     expect(loadOrCreateDeviceIdentityMock).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
     expect(loadOriginDeviceTokenReadOnlyMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
       gatewayScope: "wss://remote.example:18789",
diff --git a/src/gateway/call.ts b/src/gateway/call.ts
index 30e8db2d9325..dad1422299c0 100644
--- a/src/gateway/call.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/call.ts
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ import {
   loadOriginDeviceTokenReadOnly,
 } from "../infra/device-auth-store.js";
 import {
-  loadDeviceIdentityIfPresentReadOnly,
+  loadDeviceIdentityIfPresent,
   loadOrCreateDeviceIdentity,
   type DeviceIdentity,
 } from "../infra/device-identity.js";
@@ -501,7 +501,7 @@ function shouldOmitDeviceIdentityForGatewayCall(params: {
 function resolveDeviceIdentityForGatewayCall(sharedStateMode?: "read-only"): DeviceIdentity | null {
   try {
     return sharedStateMode === "read-only"
-      ? loadDeviceIdentityIfPresentReadOnly()
+      ? loadDeviceIdentityIfPresent()
       : loadOrCreateDeviceIdentity();
   } catch {
     // Read-only or restricted environments should still be able to call the
diff --git a/src/gateway/client.ts b/src/gateway/client.ts
index 92fd89677ab6..404f6f0d099d 100644
--- a/src/gateway/client.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/client.ts
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ import {
   storeOriginDeviceToken,
 } from "../infra/device-auth-store.js";
 import {
-  loadDeviceIdentityIfPresentReadOnly,
+  loadDeviceIdentityIfPresent,
   loadOrCreateDeviceIdentity,
   publicKeyRawBase64UrlFromPem,
   signDevicePayload,
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ function createOpenClawGatewayClientHostDeps(
       ? {
           // Read-only is an authoritative lifecycle policy: caller overrides
           // must not restore identity creation or token writes behind it.
-          loadOrCreateDeviceIdentity: () => loadDeviceIdentityIfPresentReadOnly() ?? undefined,
+          loadOrCreateDeviceIdentity: () => loadDeviceIdentityIfPresent() ?? undefined,
           ...deviceAuthDeps,
         }
       : {}),
diff --git a/src/gateway/probe.test.ts b/src/gateway/probe.test.ts
index ed4e831b31e0..0bab5e5442bc 100644
--- a/src/gateway/probe.test.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/probe.test.ts
@@ -190,11 +190,11 @@ vi.mock("../infra/device-identity.js", () => ({
 }));
 
 vi.mock("../infra/device-auth-store.js", () => ({
-  loadDeviceAuthToken: (params: unknown) => {
+  loadDeviceAuthTokenReadOnly: (params: unknown) => {
     deviceIdentityState.tokenParams.push(params);
     return deviceIdentityState.cachedToken;
   },
-  loadOriginDeviceToken: (params: unknown) => {
+  loadOriginDeviceTokenReadOnly: (params: unknown) => {
     deviceIdentityState.originTokenParams.push(params);
     return deviceIdentityState.cachedOriginToken;
   },
@@ -861,6 +861,7 @@ describe("probeGateway", () => {
     expect(success.ok).toBe(true);
     expect(lastGatewayClientOptions()?.url).toBe(url);
     expect(lastGatewayClientOptions()?.deviceIdentity).toEqual(deviceIdentityState.value);
+    expect(lastGatewayClientOptions()?.sharedStateMode).toBe("read-only");
 
     setDeviceRequiredProbeMode();
     gatewayClientState.options = null;
diff --git a/src/gateway/probe.ts b/src/gateway/probe.ts
index 6ea1b89a42ea..0228f2ce2669 100644
--- a/src/gateway/probe.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/probe.ts
@@ -11,7 +11,10 @@ import {
   readMissingScopeError,
   type MissingScopeErrorDetails,
 } from "../../packages/gateway-protocol/src/gateway-error-details.js";
-import { loadDeviceAuthToken, loadOriginDeviceToken } from "../infra/device-auth-store.js";
+import {
+  loadDeviceAuthTokenReadOnly,
+  loadOriginDeviceTokenReadOnly,
+} from "../infra/device-auth-store.js";
 import { formatErrorMessage } from "../infra/errors.js";
 import type { SystemPresence } from "../infra/system-presence.js";
 import { resolveSafeTimeoutDelayMs } from "../utils/timer-delay.js";
@@ -291,13 +294,13 @@ export async function probeGateway(opts: {
       const cachedOperatorToken = opts.suppressStoredDeviceAuth
         ? null
         : deviceAuthScope
-          ? loadOriginDeviceToken({
+          ? loadOriginDeviceTokenReadOnly({
               gatewayScope: deviceAuthScope,
               deviceId: identity.deviceId,
               role: "operator",
               env: opts.env,
             })
-          : loadDeviceAuthToken({
+          : loadDeviceAuthTokenReadOnly({
               deviceId: identity.deviceId,
               role: "operator",
               env: opts.env,
@@ -411,6 +414,7 @@ export async function probeGateway(opts: {
       clientName: GATEWAY_CLIENT_NAMES.CLI,
       clientVersion: "dev",
       mode: GATEWAY_CLIENT_MODES.PROBE,
+      sharedStateMode: "read-only",
       instanceId,
       deviceIdentity,
       onConnectError: (err) => {
diff --git a/src/infra/device-identity.test.ts b/src/infra/device-identity.test.ts
index 632f269e87b9..262c1d45ca15 100644
--- a/src/infra/device-identity.test.ts
+++ b/src/infra/device-identity.test.ts
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ import type { DeviceIdentityStoreOptions } from "./device-identity-store.js";
 import {
   deriveDeviceIdFromPublicKey,
   loadDeviceIdentityIfPresent,
-  loadDeviceIdentityIfPresentReadOnly,
   loadOrCreateDeviceIdentity,
   loadOrCreateProcessDeviceIdentity,
   normalizeDevicePublicKeyBase64Url,
@@ -377,24 +376,6 @@ describe("device identity SQLite store", () => {
     });
   });
 
-  it("reads a missing database without creating coordinator artifacts", async () => {
-    await withTempDir("openclaw-device-identity-artifact-free-", async (rootDir) => {
-      const options = storeOptions(rootDir);
-      const coordinatorPaths = resolveDeviceIdentityCoordinatorPaths({
-        databasePath: options.path!,
-        stateDir: rootDir,
-        temporaryDirectory: os.tmpdir(),
-        uid: typeof process.getuid === "function" ? process.getuid() : undefined,
-      });
-
-      expect(loadDeviceIdentityIfPresentReadOnly(options)).toBeNull();
-      expect(fs.existsSync(options.path!)).toBe(false);
-      for (const coordinatorPath of coordinatorPaths) {
-        expect(fs.existsSync(coordinatorPath)).toBe(false);
-      }
-    });
-  });
-
   it("reads an existing identity without changing canonical SQLite artifacts", async () => {
     await withTempDir("openclaw-device-identity-artifact-preserving-", async (rootDir) => {
       const options = storeOptions(rootDir);
@@ -403,7 +384,7 @@ describe("device identity SQLite store", () => {
       const databaseDirectory = path.dirname(options.path!);
       const artifactsBeforeRead = fs.readdirSync(databaseDirectory).toSorted();
 
-      expect(loadDeviceIdentityIfPresentReadOnly(options)).toEqual(created);
+      expect(loadDeviceIdentityIfPresent(options)).toEqual(created);
       expect(fs.readdirSync(databaseDirectory).toSorted()).toEqual(artifactsBeforeRead);
     });
   });
diff --git a/src/infra/device-identity.ts b/src/infra/device-identity.ts
index fc61c42424d8..9243af4085a5 100644
--- a/src/infra/device-identity.ts
+++ b/src/infra/device-identity.ts
@@ -173,18 +173,6 @@ export function loadDeviceIdentityIfPresent(
   return null;
 }
 
-/** Load a persisted identity without creating coordinator or shared-state artifacts. */
-export function loadDeviceIdentityIfPresentReadOnly(
-  options: DeviceIdentityStoreOptions = {},
-): DeviceIdentity | null {
-  const stored = readStoredDeviceIdentityReadOnly(options);
-  if (stored) {
-    return toDeviceIdentity(stored);
-  }
-  assertNoPendingLegacyIdentity(options);
-  return null;
-}
-
 /** Sign a UTF-8 payload with a PEM Ed25519 private key and return base64url bytes. */
 export function signDevicePayload(privateKeyPem: string, payload: string): string {
   return signEd25519Payload(privateKeyPem, payload);