diff --git a/src/gateway/server-methods/models-auth-status-usage-cache.ts b/src/gateway/server-methods/models-auth-status-usage-cache.ts
index 2d8c8eefd897..ffc8232394ef 100644
--- a/src/gateway/server-methods/models-auth-status-usage-cache.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/server-methods/models-auth-status-usage-cache.ts
@@ -1,30 +1,19 @@
 // Stale-while-revalidate cache for models.authStatus provider usage enrichment.
-import {
-  ensureAuthProfileStore,
-  externalCliDiscoveryForConfigStatus,
-  type AuthProfileStore,
-} from "../../agents/auth-profiles.js";
-import {
-  fingerprintAuthProfileCredential,
-  fingerprintAuthProfileOwnerShape,
-  fingerprintResolvedProviderAuth,
-} from "../../agents/execution-auth-binding.js";
-import {
-  resolveLegacyInheritedAuthAgentId,
-  resolveLegacyInheritedAuthDir,
-} from "../../agents/legacy-inherited-auth-dir.js";
-import { resolveEnvApiKey } from "../../agents/model-auth-env.js";
-import { resolveUsableCustomProviderApiKey } from "../../agents/model-auth.js";
+import type { AuthProfileStore } from "../../agents/auth-profiles.js";
 import type { OpenClawConfig } from "../../config/types.openclaw.js";
 import { loadProviderUsageSummary } from "../../infra/provider-usage.load.js";
+import { PROVIDER_USAGE_TIMEOUT_MS } from "../../infra/provider-usage.shared.js";
 import type {
   ProviderUsageSnapshot,
   UsageProviderId,
   UsageSummary,
 } from "../../infra/provider-usage.types.js";
 import { createSubsystemLogger } from "../../logging/subsystem.js";
-import { listProviderUsagePluginDescriptors } from "../../plugins/provider-runtime.js";
 import { formatForLog } from "../ws-log.js";
+import {
+  clearProviderUsageRuntimeSnapshot,
+  getProviderUsageRuntimeSnapshot,
+} from "./provider-usage-runtime.js";
 
 const log = createSubsystemLogger("provider-usage-cache");
 const USAGE_CACHE_TTL_MS = 60_000;
@@ -56,59 +45,11 @@ const usageCacheByAgentId = new Map<string, ProviderUsageCacheEntry>();
 const usageRefreshByAgentId = new Map<string, ProviderUsageRefresh>();
 let cacheGeneration = 0;
 
-function sortedRecordEntries<T>(value: Record<string, T> | undefined) {
-  return Object.entries(value ?? {}).toSorted(([left], [right]) => left.localeCompare(right));
-}
-
-export function fingerprintProviderUsageCredentials(params: {
-  cfg: OpenClawConfig;
-  directApiKeys: ReadonlyMap<string, { source: "config" | "env"; envVar?: string } | undefined>;
-  store: AuthProfileStore;
-}): string {
-  const profiles = Object.entries(params.store.profiles)
-    .toSorted(([left], [right]) => left.localeCompare(right))
-    .map(([profileId, credential]) => {
-      const fingerprint =
-        fingerprintAuthProfileCredential({ profileId, credential }) ??
-        fingerprintAuthProfileOwnerShape({ profileId, credential });
-      return fingerprint ?? `${profileId}:${credential.type}:${credential.provider}`;
-    });
-  const direct = [...params.directApiKeys]
-    .toSorted(([left], [right]) => left.localeCompare(right))
-    .map(([provider, evidence]) => {
-      const configured = resolveUsableCustomProviderApiKey({
-        cfg: params.cfg,
-        provider,
-        env: process.env,
-      });
-      const envValue = evidence?.envVar ? process.env[evidence.envVar]?.trim() : undefined;
-      const resolved =
-        configured ??
-        (envValue ? { apiKey: envValue, source: `env: ${evidence?.envVar}` } : undefined);
-      const fingerprint = resolved
-        ? fingerprintResolvedProviderAuth({
-            apiKey: resolved.apiKey,
-            source: resolved.source,
-            mode: "api-key",
-          })
-        : undefined;
-      return [provider, fingerprint ?? null];
-    });
-  // Profile selection can switch accounts without changing the profile set.
-  // Include every non-secret selector that resolveAuthProfileOrder consults.
-  return JSON.stringify({
-    profiles,
-    direct,
-    order: sortedRecordEntries(params.store.order),
-    lastGood: sortedRecordEntries(params.store.lastGood),
-    usageStats: sortedRecordEntries(params.store.usageStats),
-  });
-}
-
 export function clearModelAuthStatusUsageCache(): void {
   cacheGeneration += 1;
   usageCacheByAgentId.clear();
   usageRefreshByAgentId.clear();
+  clearProviderUsageRuntimeSnapshot();
 }
 
 function providerUsageCacheKey(providerIds: readonly UsageProviderId[]): string {
@@ -155,13 +96,37 @@ function mapProviderUsage(usage: Awaited<ReturnType<typeof loadProviderUsageSumm
   return usageByProvider;
 }
 
+function retainLastGoodOnTimeout(
+  summary: UsageSummary,
+  lastGood: UsageSummary | undefined,
+): UsageSummary {
+  if (!lastGood) {
+    return summary;
+  }
+  const lastGoodByProvider = new Map(
+    lastGood.providers
+      .filter((provider) => provider.error === undefined)
+      .map((provider) => [provider.provider, provider]),
+  );
+  return {
+    ...summary,
+    providers: summary.providers.map((provider) =>
+      provider.error === "Timeout"
+        ? (lastGoodByProvider.get(provider.provider) ?? provider)
+        : provider,
+    ),
+  };
+}
+
 function scheduleProviderUsageRefresh(params: {
   agentId: string;
   agentDir: string;
+  authStore?: AuthProfileStore;
   configRef: OpenClawConfig;
   credentialKey: string;
   providerIds: UsageProviderId[];
   providerKey: string;
+  lastGood?: UsageSummary;
 }): Promise<UsageSummary> {
   const active = usageRefreshByAgentId.get(params.agentId);
   if (
@@ -176,10 +141,12 @@ function scheduleProviderUsageRefresh(params: {
   const promise = loadProviderUsageSummary({
     providers: params.providerIds,
     agentDir: params.agentDir,
+    authStore: params.authStore,
     config: params.configRef,
-    timeoutMs: 3500,
+    timeoutMs: PROVIDER_USAGE_TIMEOUT_MS,
   })
-    .then((usage) => {
+    .then((freshUsage) => {
+      const usage = retainLastGoodOnTimeout(freshUsage, params.lastGood);
       if (
         publishGeneration === cacheGeneration &&
         usageRefreshByAgentId.get(params.agentId) === refresh
@@ -223,6 +190,7 @@ function scheduleProviderUsageRefresh(params: {
 type ProviderUsageCacheParams = {
   agentId: string;
   agentDir: string;
+  authStore?: AuthProfileStore;
   configRef: OpenClawConfig;
   credentialKey: string;
   forceRefresh?: boolean;
@@ -264,10 +232,12 @@ export function readProviderUsageStaleWhileRevalidate(
     void scheduleProviderUsageRefresh({
       agentId: params.agentId,
       agentDir: params.agentDir,
+      authStore: params.authStore,
       configRef: params.configRef,
       credentialKey,
       providerIds,
       providerKey,
+      lastGood: matching?.summary,
     }).catch(() => {});
   }
   return matching?.usageByProvider ?? new Map();
@@ -289,10 +259,12 @@ async function loadProviderUsageSummaryStaleWhileRevalidate(
   const refresh = scheduleProviderUsageRefresh({
     agentId: params.agentId,
     agentDir: params.agentDir,
+    authStore: params.authStore,
     configRef: params.configRef,
     credentialKey,
     providerIds,
     providerKey,
+    lastGood: matching?.summary,
   });
   if (matching) {
     void refresh.catch(() => {});
@@ -306,42 +278,14 @@ export async function loadUsageStatusStaleWhileRevalidate(params: {
   config: OpenClawConfig;
   now?: number;
 }): Promise<UsageSummary> {
-  const agentId = resolveLegacyInheritedAuthAgentId(params.config);
-  const agentDir = resolveLegacyInheritedAuthDir(params.config);
-  const store = ensureAuthProfileStore(agentDir, {
-    externalCli: externalCliDiscoveryForConfigStatus({ cfg: params.config }),
-  });
-  const providerIds = listProviderUsagePluginDescriptors({
-    config: params.config,
-    env: process.env,
-  }).map((descriptor) => descriptor.provider);
-  const directApiKeys = new Map<
-    string,
-    { source: "config" | "env"; envVar?: string } | undefined
-  >();
-  for (const provider of providerIds) {
-    const resolved =
-      resolveUsableCustomProviderApiKey({
-        cfg: params.config,
-        provider,
-        env: process.env,
-      }) ?? resolveEnvApiKey(provider, process.env, { config: params.config });
-    if (!resolved) {
-      continue;
-    }
-    const envVar = resolved.source.match(/^(?:shell env|env): ([A-Z][A-Z0-9_]*)$/u)?.[1];
-    directApiKeys.set(provider, envVar ? { source: "env", envVar } : { source: "config" });
-  }
+  const snapshot = getProviderUsageRuntimeSnapshot({ config: params.config });
   return await loadProviderUsageSummaryStaleWhileRevalidate({
-    agentId,
-    agentDir,
-    configRef: params.config,
-    credentialKey: fingerprintProviderUsageCredentials({
-      cfg: params.config,
-      directApiKeys,
-      store,
-    }),
-    providerIds,
+    agentId: snapshot.agentId,
+    agentDir: snapshot.agentDir,
+    authStore: snapshot.store,
+    configRef: snapshot.configRef,
+    credentialKey: snapshot.credentialKey,
+    providerIds: snapshot.providerIds,
     now: params.now ?? Date.now(),
   });
 }
diff --git a/src/gateway/server-methods/models-auth-status.test.ts b/src/gateway/server-methods/models-auth-status.test.ts
index 956386b5579f..1b2d834e5e3d 100644
--- a/src/gateway/server-methods/models-auth-status.test.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/server-methods/models-auth-status.test.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,10 @@ import { MAX_DATE_TIMESTAMP_MS } from "@openclaw/normalization-core/number-coerc
 import { createRequireRecord } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/test-fixtures";
 import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
 import type { AuthHealthSummary } from "../../agents/auth-health.js";
-import type { AuthProfileStore } from "../../agents/auth-profiles.js";
+import {
+  replaceRuntimeAuthProfileStoreSnapshots,
+  type AuthProfileStore,
+} from "../../agents/auth-profiles.js";
 import { NON_ENV_SECRETREF_MARKER } from "../../agents/model-auth-markers.js";
 import type { UsageSummary } from "../../infra/provider-usage.types.js";
 import { resolveInstalledPluginIndexPolicyHash } from "../../plugins/installed-plugin-index-policy.js";
@@ -54,6 +57,11 @@ const mocks = vi.hoisted(() => ({
     (): AuthHealthSummary => ({ now: 0, warnAfterMs: 0, profiles: [], providers: [] }),
   ),
   loadProviderUsageSummary: vi.fn(async (): Promise<UsageSummary> => emptyUsageSummary()),
+  listProviderUsagePluginDescriptors: vi.fn(() => [
+    { provider: "anthropic", displayName: "Claude" },
+    { provider: "deepseek", displayName: "DeepSeek" },
+    { provider: "openai", displayName: "OpenAI" },
+  ]),
 }));
 
 vi.mock("../../config/config.js", () => ({
@@ -95,6 +103,10 @@ vi.mock("../../infra/provider-usage.load.js", () => ({
   loadProviderUsageSummary: mocks.loadProviderUsageSummary,
 }));
 
+vi.mock("../../plugins/provider-runtime.js", () => ({
+  listProviderUsagePluginDescriptors: mocks.listProviderUsagePluginDescriptors,
+}));
+
 vi.mock("../../secrets/runtime.js", () => ({
   refreshActiveProviderAuthRuntimeSnapshot: mocks.refreshActiveProviderAuthRuntimeSnapshot,
 }));
@@ -201,6 +213,7 @@ let preparedMetadataSnapshot: unknown;
 
 function setPreparedAuthStore(store: AuthProfileStore): void {
   preparedAuthStore = store;
+  replaceRuntimeAuthProfileStoreSnapshots([{ agentDir: "/tmp/agent", store }]);
 }
 
 function setPreparedMetadataSnapshot(snapshot: unknown): void {
@@ -1051,8 +1064,9 @@ describe("models.authStatus", () => {
     expect(mocks.loadProviderUsageSummary).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
       providers: ["anthropic"],
       agentDir: "/tmp/agent",
+      authStore: preparedAuthStore,
       config: runtimeConfig,
-      timeoutMs: 3500,
+      timeoutMs: 5_000,
     });
     let result: ModelAuthStatusResult | undefined;
     await waitForFast(async () => {
@@ -1095,8 +1109,9 @@ describe("models.authStatus", () => {
     expect(mocks.loadProviderUsageSummary).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
       providers: ["deepseek"],
       agentDir: "/tmp/agent",
+      authStore: preparedAuthStore,
       config: expect.any(Object),
-      timeoutMs: 3500,
+      timeoutMs: 5_000,
     });
     let result: ModelAuthStatusResult | undefined;
     await waitForFast(async () => {
@@ -1234,8 +1249,9 @@ describe("models.authStatus", () => {
     expect(mocks.loadProviderUsageSummary).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith({
       providers: ["openai"],
       agentDir: "/tmp/rebound-agent",
+      authStore: preparedAuthStore,
       config: expect.any(Object),
-      timeoutMs: 3500,
+      timeoutMs: 5_000,
     });
   });
 
@@ -1288,7 +1304,7 @@ describe("models.authStatus", () => {
   });
 
   it("does not reuse usage after a direct provider key rotates", async () => {
-    const cfg = {
+    let cfg = {
       models: { providers: { deepseek: { apiKey: "first-direct-value" } } },
     };
     mocks.getRuntimeConfig.mockReturnValue(cfg);
@@ -1316,7 +1332,10 @@ describe("models.authStatus", () => {
       expect(warmed.providers[0]?.usage?.summary).toBe("Balance 10");
     });
 
-    cfg.models.providers.deepseek.apiKey = "second-direct-value";
+    cfg = {
+      models: { providers: { deepseek: { apiKey: "second-direct-value" } } },
+    };
+    mocks.getRuntimeConfig.mockReturnValue(cfg);
     const rotated = await readAuthStatus();
     expect(rotated.providers[0]?.usage).toBeUndefined();
     expect(mocks.loadProviderUsageSummary).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
diff --git a/src/gateway/server-methods/models-auth-status.ts b/src/gateway/server-methods/models-auth-status.ts
index 785584996a55..4485152fa85e 100644
--- a/src/gateway/server-methods/models-auth-status.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/server-methods/models-auth-status.ts
@@ -59,7 +59,6 @@ import { modelAuthAgentScopeError, resolveModelAuthAgentScope } from "./model-au
 import { resolveModelProviderCapabilities } from "./model-provider-capabilities.js";
 import {
   clearModelAuthStatusUsageCache,
-  fingerprintProviderUsageCredentials,
   type ProviderUsageStatus,
   readProviderUsageStaleWhileRevalidate,
 } from "./models-auth-status-usage-cache.js";
@@ -70,6 +69,7 @@ import type {
   ModelAuthStatusResult,
   ModelProviderCapability,
 } from "./models-auth-status.types.js";
+import { getProviderUsageRuntimeSnapshot } from "./provider-usage-runtime.js";
 import type { GatewayRequestContext, GatewayRequestHandlers } from "./types.js";
 
 export type {
@@ -688,15 +688,18 @@ export const modelsAuthStatusHandlers: GatewayRequestHandlers = {
         ),
       ];
 
+      const providerUsageRuntime = getProviderUsageRuntimeSnapshot({
+        config: cfg,
+        agentId,
+        agentDir,
+        store,
+      });
       const usageByProvider = readProviderUsageStaleWhileRevalidate({
         agentId,
         agentDir,
+        authStore: providerUsageRuntime.store,
         configRef: cfg,
-        credentialKey: fingerprintProviderUsageCredentials({
-          cfg,
-          directApiKeys: apiKeys,
-          store,
-        }),
+        credentialKey: providerUsageRuntime.credentialKey,
         forceRefresh: refreshRequested,
         providerIds: usageProviderIds,
         now,
diff --git a/src/gateway/server-methods/provider-usage-runtime.ts b/src/gateway/server-methods/provider-usage-runtime.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b6691c2d8683
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/gateway/server-methods/provider-usage-runtime.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+// Prepared provider-usage discovery and credential ownership for Gateway status RPCs.
+import {
+  ensureAuthProfileStore,
+  externalCliDiscoveryForConfigStatus,
+  getRuntimeAuthProfileStoreSnapshotRevision,
+  type AuthProfileStore,
+} from "../../agents/auth-profiles.js";
+import {
+  fingerprintAuthProfileCredential,
+  fingerprintAuthProfileOwnerShape,
+  fingerprintResolvedProviderAuth,
+} from "../../agents/execution-auth-binding.js";
+import {
+  resolveLegacyInheritedAuthAgentId,
+  resolveLegacyInheritedAuthDir,
+} from "../../agents/legacy-inherited-auth-dir.js";
+import { resolveEnvApiKey } from "../../agents/model-auth-env.js";
+import { resolveUsableCustomProviderApiKey } from "../../agents/model-auth.js";
+import type { OpenClawConfig } from "../../config/types.openclaw.js";
+import type { UsageProviderId } from "../../infra/provider-usage.types.js";
+import {
+  listProviderUsagePluginDescriptors,
+  type ProviderUsagePluginDescriptor,
+} from "../../plugins/provider-runtime.js";
+import { getActivePluginRegistryVersion } from "../../plugins/runtime.js";
+
+type ResolvedDirectApiKey = { apiKey: string; source: string };
+
+type ProviderUsageRuntimeSnapshot = {
+  agentDir: string;
+  agentId: string;
+  configRef: OpenClawConfig;
+  credentialKey: string;
+  descriptors: ProviderUsagePluginDescriptor[];
+  directApiKeys: ReadonlyMap<string, ResolvedDirectApiKey>;
+  providerIds: UsageProviderId[];
+  store: AuthProfileStore;
+};
+
+type ProviderUsageRuntimeGeneration = ProviderUsageRuntimeSnapshot & {
+  authStoreGeneration: number;
+  pluginRegistryGeneration: number;
+};
+
+let current: ProviderUsageRuntimeGeneration | undefined;
+
+function sortedRecordEntries<T>(value: Record<string, T> | undefined) {
+  return Object.entries(value ?? {}).toSorted(([left], [right]) => left.localeCompare(right));
+}
+
+function fingerprintProviderUsageCredentials(params: {
+  cfg: OpenClawConfig;
+  directApiKeys: ReadonlyMap<string, ResolvedDirectApiKey>;
+  store: AuthProfileStore;
+}): string {
+  const profiles = Object.entries(params.store.profiles)
+    .toSorted(([left], [right]) => left.localeCompare(right))
+    .map(([profileId, credential]) => {
+      const fingerprint =
+        fingerprintAuthProfileCredential({ profileId, credential }) ??
+        fingerprintAuthProfileOwnerShape({ profileId, credential });
+      return fingerprint ?? `${profileId}:${credential.type}:${credential.provider}`;
+    });
+  const direct = [...params.directApiKeys]
+    .toSorted(([left], [right]) => left.localeCompare(right))
+    .map(([provider, resolved]) => [
+      provider,
+      fingerprintResolvedProviderAuth({ ...resolved, mode: "api-key" }) ?? null,
+    ]);
+  // Profile selection can switch accounts without changing the profile set.
+  // Include every non-secret selector that resolveAuthProfileOrder consults.
+  return JSON.stringify({
+    profiles,
+    direct,
+    order: sortedRecordEntries(params.store.order),
+    lastGood: sortedRecordEntries(params.store.lastGood),
+    usageStats: sortedRecordEntries(params.store.usageStats),
+  });
+}
+
+function resolveDirectApiKeys(
+  config: OpenClawConfig,
+  providerIds: readonly UsageProviderId[],
+): Map<string, ResolvedDirectApiKey> {
+  const directApiKeys = new Map<string, ResolvedDirectApiKey>();
+  for (const provider of providerIds) {
+    const resolved =
+      resolveUsableCustomProviderApiKey({ cfg: config, provider, env: process.env }) ??
+      resolveEnvApiKey(provider, process.env, { config });
+    if (!resolved) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    directApiKeys.set(provider, resolved);
+  }
+  return directApiKeys;
+}
+
+export function clearProviderUsageRuntimeSnapshot(): void {
+  current = undefined;
+}
+
+export function getProviderUsageRuntimeSnapshot(params: {
+  config: OpenClawConfig;
+  agentDir?: string;
+  agentId?: string;
+  store?: AuthProfileStore;
+}): ProviderUsageRuntimeSnapshot {
+  const agentId = params.agentId ?? resolveLegacyInheritedAuthAgentId(params.config);
+  const agentDir = params.agentDir ?? resolveLegacyInheritedAuthDir(params.config);
+  // Config publication replaces the object, so identity is the exact mutation signal.
+  const configRef = params.config;
+  // Registry publication owns descriptor lifetime; request paths only compare its O(1) counter.
+  const pluginRegistryGeneration = getActivePluginRegistryVersion();
+  // Auth writers and runtime overlay publishers advance this O(1) process generation.
+  const authStoreGeneration = getRuntimeAuthProfileStoreSnapshotRevision(agentDir);
+  if (
+    current?.configRef === configRef &&
+    current.agentDir === agentDir &&
+    current.agentId === agentId &&
+    current.pluginRegistryGeneration === pluginRegistryGeneration &&
+    current.authStoreGeneration === authStoreGeneration
+  ) {
+    return current;
+  }
+
+  const store =
+    params.store ??
+    ensureAuthProfileStore(agentDir, {
+      externalCli: externalCliDiscoveryForConfigStatus({ cfg: configRef }),
+    });
+  const descriptors = listProviderUsagePluginDescriptors({ config: configRef, env: process.env });
+  const providerIds = descriptors.map((descriptor) => descriptor.provider);
+  const directApiKeys = resolveDirectApiKeys(configRef, providerIds);
+  current = {
+    agentDir,
+    agentId,
+    configRef,
+    credentialKey: fingerprintProviderUsageCredentials({ cfg: configRef, directApiKeys, store }),
+    descriptors,
+    directApiKeys,
+    providerIds,
+    store,
+    // Building can publish an external-auth overlay, so bind the finished snapshot to its result.
+    authStoreGeneration: getRuntimeAuthProfileStoreSnapshotRevision(agentDir),
+    pluginRegistryGeneration,
+  };
+  return current;
+}
diff --git a/src/gateway/server-methods/usage.status-cache.test.ts b/src/gateway/server-methods/usage.status-cache.test.ts
index ff8c1f7c054d..f8c8acdf5aea 100644
--- a/src/gateway/server-methods/usage.status-cache.test.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/server-methods/usage.status-cache.test.ts
@@ -1,14 +1,24 @@
 import { expectDefined } from "@openclaw/normalization-core";
 import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+import { useAutoCleanupTempDirTracker } from "../../../test/helpers/temp-dir.js";
 import { resolveAgentDir, resolveDefaultAgentId } from "../../agents/agent-scope.js";
-import type { AuthProfileStore } from "../../agents/auth-profiles.js";
+import {
+  clearRuntimeAuthProfileStoreSnapshots,
+  replaceRuntimeAuthProfileStoreSnapshots,
+  saveAuthProfileStore,
+} from "../../agents/auth-profiles.js";
 import type { OpenClawConfig } from "../../config/types.openclaw.js";
+import type { UsageSummary } from "../../infra/provider-usage.types.js";
+import { createEmptyPluginRegistry } from "../../plugins/registry-empty.js";
+import { resetPluginRuntimeStateForTest, setActivePluginRegistry } from "../../plugins/runtime.js";
+import { closeOpenClawAgentDatabasesForTest } from "../../state/openclaw-agent-db.js";
 
 const mocks = vi.hoisted(() => ({
   ensureAuthProfileStore: vi.fn(),
   listProviderUsagePluginDescriptors: vi.fn(),
   loadProviderUsageSummary: vi.fn(),
 }));
+const tempDirs = useAutoCleanupTempDirTracker(afterEach);
 
 vi.mock("../../agents/auth-profiles.js", async () => {
   const actual = await vi.importActual<typeof import("../../agents/auth-profiles.js")>(
@@ -37,9 +47,9 @@ vi.mock("../../infra/provider-usage.load.js", () => ({
 
 import {
   clearModelAuthStatusUsageCache,
-  fingerprintProviderUsageCredentials,
   readProviderUsageStaleWhileRevalidate,
 } from "./models-auth-status-usage-cache.js";
+import { getProviderUsageRuntimeSnapshot } from "./provider-usage-runtime.js";
 import { usageHandlers } from "./usage.js";
 
 const config = {
@@ -61,7 +71,7 @@ function createStore(access = "access-one") {
   };
 }
 
-async function runUsageStatus() {
+async function runUsageStatus(runtimeConfig = config) {
   const respond = vi.fn();
   await expectDefined(
     usageHandlers["usage.status"],
@@ -69,7 +79,7 @@ async function runUsageStatus() {
   )({
     respond,
     params: {},
-    context: { getRuntimeConfig: () => config },
+    context: { getRuntimeConfig: () => runtimeConfig },
   } as unknown as Parameters<(typeof usageHandlers)["usage.status"]>[0]);
   expect(respond).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
   expect(respond.mock.calls[0]?.[0]).toBe(true);
@@ -110,6 +120,8 @@ describe("usage.status provider usage cache", () => {
   });
 
   afterEach(() => {
+    clearRuntimeAuthProfileStoreSnapshots();
+    resetPluginRuntimeStateForTest();
     vi.unstubAllEnvs();
     vi.restoreAllMocks();
   });
@@ -137,11 +149,13 @@ describe("usage.status provider usage cache", () => {
   });
 
   it("reuses byte-identical results within 60s and refreshes stale data in the background", async () => {
-    const first = await runUsageStatus();
+    const first = (await runUsageStatus()) as UsageSummary;
     const repeated = await runUsageStatus();
 
     expect(JSON.stringify(repeated)).toBe(JSON.stringify(first));
     expect(mocks.loadProviderUsageSummary).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    expect(mocks.ensureAuthProfileStore).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    expect(mocks.listProviderUsagePluginDescriptors).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
 
     now = 61_000;
     const stale = await runUsageStatus();
@@ -155,6 +169,69 @@ describe("usage.status provider usage cache", () => {
       expect(refreshed.providers[0]?.windows[0]?.usedPercent).toBe(20);
     });
     expect(mocks.loadProviderUsageSummary).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
+    expect(mocks.listProviderUsagePluginDescriptors).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
+
+  it("rebuilds prepared usage facts once for each config and plugin generation", async () => {
+    await runUsageStatus();
+    await runUsageStatus();
+
+    const nextConfig = { ...config };
+    await runUsageStatus(nextConfig);
+    await runUsageStatus(nextConfig);
+
+    setActivePluginRegistry(createEmptyPluginRegistry());
+    await runUsageStatus(nextConfig);
+    await runUsageStatus(nextConfig);
+
+    expect(mocks.listProviderUsagePluginDescriptors).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(3);
+    expect(mocks.ensureAuthProfileStore).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(3);
+  });
+
+  it("rebuilds prepared usage facts once after an auth-store write", async () => {
+    const writtenAgentDir = tempDirs.make("openclaw-usage-auth-");
+    try {
+      replaceRuntimeAuthProfileStoreSnapshots([{ agentDir: writtenAgentDir, store }]);
+
+      await runUsageStatus();
+      await runUsageStatus();
+
+      store = createStore("access-two");
+      saveAuthProfileStore(store, writtenAgentDir);
+      await runUsageStatus();
+      await runUsageStatus();
+
+      expect(mocks.listProviderUsagePluginDescriptors).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
+      expect(mocks.ensureAuthProfileStore).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
+    } finally {
+      closeOpenClawAgentDatabasesForTest();
+    }
+  });
+
+  it("keeps a provider's last-good snapshot when its refresh times out", async () => {
+    const first = (await runUsageStatus()) as UsageSummary;
+    now = 61_000;
+    mocks.loadProviderUsageSummary.mockResolvedValueOnce({
+      updatedAt: now,
+      providers: [
+        {
+          provider: "openai",
+          displayName: "OpenAI",
+          windows: [],
+          error: "Timeout",
+        },
+      ],
+    });
+
+    const stale = await runUsageStatus();
+    expect(JSON.stringify(stale)).toBe(JSON.stringify(first));
+    await mocks.loadProviderUsageSummary.mock.results[1]?.value;
+    await vi.waitFor(async () => {
+      const retained = (await runUsageStatus()) as UsageSummary;
+      expect(retained.providers).toEqual(first.providers);
+      expect(retained.updatedAt).toBe(61_000);
+      expect(mocks.loadProviderUsageSummary).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
+    });
   });
 
   it("shares the raw snapshot with models.authStatus and invalidates on credential rotation", async () => {
@@ -165,18 +242,15 @@ describe("usage.status provider usage cache", () => {
       agentId,
       agentDir,
       configRef: config,
-      credentialKey: fingerprintProviderUsageCredentials({
-        cfg: config,
-        directApiKeys: new Map(),
-        store: store as AuthProfileStore,
-      }),
+      credentialKey: getProviderUsageRuntimeSnapshot({ config }).credentialKey,
       providerIds: ["openai"],
       now,
     });
     expect(usage.get("openai")?.windows[0]?.usedPercent).toBe(10);
     expect(mocks.loadProviderUsageSummary).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
 
-    store.profiles["openai:default"].access = "access-two";
+    store = createStore("access-two");
+    replaceRuntimeAuthProfileStoreSnapshots([{ agentDir, store }]);
     const rotated = (await runUsageStatus()) as {
       providers: Array<{ windows: Array<{ usedPercent: number }> }>;
     };
diff --git a/src/infra/provider-usage.auth.ts b/src/infra/provider-usage.auth.ts
index 0940924371d7..ada74cd1d128 100644
--- a/src/infra/provider-usage.auth.ts
+++ b/src/infra/provider-usage.auth.ts
@@ -46,13 +46,16 @@ type UsageAuthState = {
   env: NodeJS.ProcessEnv;
   agentDir?: string;
   allowAuthProfileStore: boolean;
+  getStore?: () => AuthStore;
   store?: AuthStore;
 };
 
 function resolveUsageAuthStore(state: UsageAuthState): AuthStore {
-  state.store ??= ensureAuthProfileStore(state.agentDir, {
-    allowKeychainPrompt: false,
-  });
+  state.store ??=
+    state.getStore?.() ??
+    ensureAuthProfileStore(state.agentDir, {
+      allowKeychainPrompt: false,
+    });
   return state.store;
 }
 
@@ -477,6 +480,8 @@ function hasAuthProfileCredentialSource(params: {
 export async function resolveProviderAuths(params: {
   providers: UsageProviderId[];
   auth?: ProviderAuth[];
+  getStore?: () => AuthStore;
+  store?: AuthStore;
   agentDir?: string;
   config?: OpenClawConfig;
   env?: NodeJS.ProcessEnv;
@@ -495,6 +500,8 @@ export async function resolveProviderAuths(params: {
   const authProfileSourceState: UsageAuthState = {
     ...stateBase,
     allowAuthProfileStore: true,
+    getStore: params.getStore,
+    store: params.store,
   };
   const hasAuthProfileStoreSource = params.skipPluginAuthWithoutCredentialSource
     ? hasAnyAuthProfileStoreSource(params.agentDir)
diff --git a/src/infra/provider-usage.load.test.ts b/src/infra/provider-usage.load.test.ts
index 2cf7e8052646..e852b4d29821 100644
--- a/src/infra/provider-usage.load.test.ts
+++ b/src/infra/provider-usage.load.test.ts
@@ -216,6 +216,54 @@ describe("provider-usage.load", () => {
     ]);
   });
 
+  it("returns live siblings when one provider never resolves before the deadline", async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers();
+    try {
+      resolveProviderUsageSnapshotWithPluginMock.mockImplementation(async ({ provider }) => {
+        if (provider === "anthropic") {
+          return await new Promise<ProviderUsageSnapshot>(() => {});
+        }
+        return {
+          provider,
+          displayName: "Codex",
+          windows: [{ label: "3h", usedPercent: 12 }],
+        };
+      });
+      const summaryPromise = loadProviderUsageSummary({
+        auth: [
+          { provider: "anthropic", token: "token-a" },
+          { provider: "openai", token: "token-codex" },
+        ],
+        config: {},
+        env: {},
+        timeoutMs: 5_000,
+      });
+      let settled = false;
+      void summaryPromise.then(() => {
+        settled = true;
+      });
+
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(5_000);
+      const settledAtDeadline = settled;
+      if (!settledAtDeadline) {
+        await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(1_000);
+      }
+      const summary = await summaryPromise;
+
+      expect(settledAtDeadline).toBe(true);
+      expect(summary.providers).toEqual([
+        { provider: "anthropic", displayName: "Claude", windows: [], error: "Timeout" },
+        {
+          provider: "openai",
+          displayName: "Codex",
+          windows: [{ label: "3h", usedPercent: 12 }],
+        },
+      ]);
+    } finally {
+      vi.useRealTimers();
+    }
+  });
+
   it("keeps successful provider usage when a sibling auth hook rejects", async () => {
     resolveProviderUsageAuthWithPluginMock.mockImplementation(async ({ provider }) => {
       if (provider === "anthropic") {
diff --git a/src/infra/provider-usage.load.ts b/src/infra/provider-usage.load.ts
index 979134d78783..fedd6dcf07d0 100644
--- a/src/infra/provider-usage.load.ts
+++ b/src/infra/provider-usage.load.ts
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 // Loads provider usage snapshots from built-in and plugin providers.
+import { ensureAuthProfileStore, type AuthProfileStore } from "../agents/auth-profiles.js";
 import { getRuntimeConfig, type OpenClawConfig } from "../config/config.js";
 import {
   listProviderUsagePluginDescriptors,
   resolveProviderUsageSnapshotWithPlugin,
   type ProviderUsagePluginDescriptor,
 } from "../plugins/provider-runtime.js";
+import { formatErrorMessage } from "./errors.js";
 import { resolveFetch } from "./fetch.js";
 import { resolveProxyFetchFromEnv } from "./net/proxy-fetch.js";
 import { type ProviderAuth, resolveProviderAuths } from "./provider-usage.auth.js";
@@ -41,6 +43,7 @@ type UsageSummaryOptions = {
   timeoutMs?: number;
   providers?: UsageProviderId[];
   auth?: ProviderAuth[];
+  authStore?: AuthProfileStore;
   agentDir?: string;
   workspaceDir?: string;
   config?: OpenClawConfig;
@@ -129,47 +132,61 @@ export async function loadProviderUsageSummary(
     windows: [],
     error,
   });
-  const authFailures: ProviderUsageSnapshot[] = [];
-  const auths = await resolveProviderAuths({
-    providers: descriptors.map((descriptor) => descriptor.provider),
-    auth: opts.auth,
-    agentDir: opts.agentDir,
-    config,
-    env,
-    skipPluginAuthWithoutCredentialSource: opts.skipPluginAuthWithoutCredentialSource,
-    onError: (provider, error) => {
-      const message = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error);
-      authFailures.push(failureSnapshot(provider, message.trim() || "Auth failed"));
-    },
-  });
-  if (auths.length === 0 && authFailures.length === 0) {
-    return { updatedAt: now, providers: [] };
-  }
-
-  const tasks = auths.map((auth) => {
+  let authStore = opts.authStore;
+  const getAuthStore = () =>
+    (authStore ??= ensureAuthProfileStore(opts.agentDir, { allowKeychainPrompt: false }));
+  const tasks = descriptors.map(({ provider }) => {
     return raceUsageTimeout(
-      fetchProviderUsageSnapshot({
-        auth,
-        config,
-        env,
-        agentDir: opts.agentDir,
-        workspaceDir: opts.workspaceDir,
-        timeoutMs,
-        fetchFn,
-      }),
-      timeoutMs + 1000,
-      failureSnapshot(auth.provider, "Timeout"),
+      (async () => {
+        let authError: unknown;
+        const auth =
+          opts.auth?.find((candidate) => candidate.provider === provider) ??
+          (
+            await resolveProviderAuths({
+              providers: [provider],
+              agentDir: opts.agentDir,
+              config,
+              env,
+              getStore: getAuthStore,
+              store: opts.authStore,
+              skipPluginAuthWithoutCredentialSource: opts.skipPluginAuthWithoutCredentialSource,
+              onError: (_provider, error) => {
+                authError = error;
+              },
+            })
+          )[0];
+        if (authError) {
+          const message = formatErrorMessage(authError);
+          return failureSnapshot(provider, message.trim() || "Auth failed");
+        }
+        if (!auth) {
+          return undefined;
+        }
+        return await fetchProviderUsageSnapshot({
+          auth,
+          config,
+          env,
+          agentDir: opts.agentDir,
+          workspaceDir: opts.workspaceDir,
+          timeoutMs,
+          fetchFn,
+        });
+      })(),
+      timeoutMs,
+      failureSnapshot(provider, "Timeout"),
     ).catch((error: unknown) => {
       const message = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error);
-      return failureSnapshot(auth.provider, message.trim() || "Fetch failed");
+      return failureSnapshot(provider, message.trim() || "Fetch failed");
     });
   });
 
-  const snapshots = [...(await Promise.all(tasks)), ...authFailures].toSorted(
-    (left, right) =>
-      (providerOrder.get(left.provider) ?? Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER) -
-      (providerOrder.get(right.provider) ?? Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER),
-  );
+  const snapshots = (await Promise.all(tasks))
+    .filter((snapshot): snapshot is ProviderUsageSnapshot => snapshot !== undefined)
+    .toSorted(
+      (left, right) =>
+        (providerOrder.get(left.provider) ?? Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER) -
+        (providerOrder.get(right.provider) ?? Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER),
+    );
   const providers = snapshots.filter((entry) => {
     if (entry.windows.length > 0) {
       return true;
diff --git a/src/infra/provider-usage.shared.ts b/src/infra/provider-usage.shared.ts
index 34544b8341b2..1eed852ceff9 100644
--- a/src/infra/provider-usage.shared.ts
+++ b/src/infra/provider-usage.shared.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import { normalizeProviderId } from "@openclaw/model-catalog-core/provider-id";
 import { resolveTimerTimeoutMs } from "@openclaw/normalization-core/number-coercion";
 import type { UsageProviderId } from "./provider-usage.types.js";
 
-/** Default timeout for provider usage collection. */
+/** One provider cannot hold the aggregate usage response beyond this deadline. */
 export const PROVIDER_USAGE_TIMEOUT_MS = 5000;
 
 export const PROVIDER_LABELS = {