diff --git a/src/agents/embedded-agent-runner/model.test.ts b/src/agents/embedded-agent-runner/model.test.ts
index c07bbfc45ffe..b990bf7d5d83 100644
--- a/src/agents/embedded-agent-runner/model.test.ts
+++ b/src/agents/embedded-agent-runner/model.test.ts
@@ -972,7 +972,6 @@ describe("resolveModel", () => {
       activeProjectKeys: [],
       allowGatewaySubagentBinding: false,
       config: cfg,
-      authStore: { version: 1, profiles: {} },
       authModes: {},
       metadataSnapshot: { plugins: [] } as never,
       modelCatalog: { entries: [], routeVariants: [] },
diff --git a/src/agents/openclaw-tools.browser-plugin.integration.test.ts b/src/agents/openclaw-tools.browser-plugin.integration.test.ts
index 0d0353b61000..197e9a1e1d7d 100644
--- a/src/agents/openclaw-tools.browser-plugin.integration.test.ts
+++ b/src/agents/openclaw-tools.browser-plugin.integration.test.ts
@@ -202,7 +202,6 @@ describe("createOpenClawTools browser plugin integration", () => {
           workspaceDir: "/tmp",
           activeProjectKeys: [],
           config,
-          authStore: { version: 1, profiles: {} },
           authModes: {},
           metadataSnapshot,
           pluginRegistry,
diff --git a/src/agents/prepared-model-catalog-owner.ts b/src/agents/prepared-model-catalog-owner.ts
index 4500e11abf81..283dc9991eaf 100644
--- a/src/agents/prepared-model-catalog-owner.ts
+++ b/src/agents/prepared-model-catalog-owner.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import type {
   PublishedModelCatalogOwnerCandidate,
   ResolvedPublishedModelCatalogOwner,
 } from "./prepared-model-catalog.types.js";
+import { getPreparedModelRuntimeAuthStore } from "./prepared-model-runtime-auth.js";
 
 class PublishedModelCatalogOwnerResolutionError extends Error {
   constructor(message: string) {
@@ -37,13 +38,19 @@ export function resolvePublishedModelCatalogOwner(
       `published model catalog owner did not identify a workspace (${agentId})`,
     );
   }
+  const authStore = snapshot.authStore ?? getPreparedModelRuntimeAuthStore(snapshot);
+  if (!authStore) {
+    throw new PublishedModelCatalogOwnerResolutionError(
+      `published model catalog owner is missing prepared auth state (${agentId})`,
+    );
+  }
   return Object.freeze({
     agentId,
     agentDir: snapshot.agentDir,
     workspaceDir,
     config: snapshot.config,
     authModes: snapshot.authModes,
-    authStore: snapshot.authStore,
+    authStore,
     metadataSnapshot: snapshot.metadataSnapshot,
     modelCatalog: snapshot.modelCatalog,
   });
diff --git a/src/agents/prepared-model-catalog.test.ts b/src/agents/prepared-model-catalog.test.ts
index ef8111ff3826..f4d6c385642a 100644
--- a/src/agents/prepared-model-catalog.test.ts
+++ b/src/agents/prepared-model-catalog.test.ts
@@ -61,15 +61,23 @@ import { PreparedModelCatalogConfigReplacedError } from "./prepared-model-catalo
 import {
   getPublishedPreparedModelCatalogOwnerSnapshot,
   getPreparedModelCatalogSnapshot,
+  loadPreparedModelCatalogOwnerSnapshot,
   loadPreparedModelCatalogSnapshot,
   loadResolvedPublishedModelCatalogOwner,
   loadPublishedPreparedModelCatalog,
   loadPublishedPreparedModelCatalogOwnerSnapshot,
 } from "./prepared-model-catalog.js";
+import {
+  getPreparedModelRuntimeAuthStore,
+  setPreparedModelRuntimeAuthStore,
+} from "./prepared-model-runtime-auth.js";
 import { PreparedModelRuntimeOwnerNotPublishedError } from "./prepared-model-runtime.js";
 
 const fullSnapshot = {
   config: mocks.config,
+  authModes: {},
+  authStore: { version: 1, profiles: {} },
+  metadataSnapshot: { index: { plugins: [] }, plugins: [] },
   modelCatalog: { entries: [{ provider: "test", id: "full", name: "Full" }], routeVariants: [] },
 };
 const readOnlySnapshot = {
@@ -191,11 +199,13 @@ describe("prepared model catalog access", () => {
       routeVariants: [],
     };
     const loadFullModelCatalog = vi.fn(async () => discoveredCatalog);
+    const { authStore, ...snapshotFacts } = fullSnapshot;
     const snapshot = {
-      ...fullSnapshot,
+      ...snapshotFacts,
       modelCatalog: configuredCatalog,
       loadFullModelCatalog,
     };
+    setPreparedModelRuntimeAuthStore(snapshot, authStore);
     mocks.prepareSnapshot.mockResolvedValue(snapshot);
 
     await expect(loadPreparedModelCatalogSnapshot({ readOnly: true })).resolves.toBe(
@@ -203,9 +213,10 @@ describe("prepared model catalog access", () => {
     );
     expect(loadFullModelCatalog).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
 
-    await expect(loadPreparedModelCatalogSnapshot({ readOnly: false })).resolves.toBe(
-      discoveredCatalog,
-    );
+    const materialized = await loadPreparedModelCatalogOwnerSnapshot({ readOnly: false });
+    expect(materialized.modelCatalog).toBe(discoveredCatalog);
+    expect(materialized).not.toHaveProperty("authStore");
+    expect(getPreparedModelRuntimeAuthStore(materialized)).toBe(authStore);
     expect(loadFullModelCatalog).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
 
     mocks.getSnapshot.mockReturnValue(snapshot);
@@ -292,6 +303,9 @@ describe("prepared model catalog access", () => {
       agentDir: "/tmp/prepared-model-catalog-agent",
       workspaceDir: "/tmp/prepared-model-catalog-workspace",
       config: committedSnapshot.config,
+      authModes: {},
+      authStore: { version: 1, profiles: {} },
+      metadataSnapshot: fullSnapshot.metadataSnapshot,
       modelCatalog: committedSnapshot.modelCatalog,
     });
   });
diff --git a/src/agents/prepared-model-catalog.ts b/src/agents/prepared-model-catalog.ts
index 02c296050419..bd1479561cf2 100644
--- a/src/agents/prepared-model-catalog.ts
+++ b/src/agents/prepared-model-catalog.ts
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import type { ModelCatalogEntry, ModelCatalogSnapshot } from "./model-catalog.ty
 import { resolvePublishedModelCatalogOwner } from "./prepared-model-catalog-owner.js";
 import { PreparedModelCatalogConfigReplacedError } from "./prepared-model-catalog.errors.js";
 import type { ResolvedPublishedModelCatalogOwner } from "./prepared-model-catalog.types.js";
+import { copyPreparedModelRuntimeAuthState } from "./prepared-model-runtime-auth.js";
 import { isPreparedModelCatalogFull } from "./prepared-model-runtime.facts.js";
 import {
   acquireAgentRunPreparedModelRuntime,
@@ -62,9 +63,12 @@ async function materializeRequestedModelCatalog(
     return snapshot;
   }
   const modelCatalog = await snapshot.loadFullModelCatalog();
-  return modelCatalog === snapshot.modelCatalog
-    ? snapshot
-    : Object.freeze({ ...snapshot, modelCatalog });
+  if (modelCatalog === snapshot.modelCatalog) {
+    return snapshot;
+  }
+  const materialized = Object.freeze({ ...snapshot, modelCatalog });
+  copyPreparedModelRuntimeAuthState(snapshot, materialized);
+  return materialized;
 }
 
 function acceptsPreparedSnapshotConfig(
diff --git a/src/agents/prepared-model-catalog.types.ts b/src/agents/prepared-model-catalog.types.ts
index a20be8080cbf..210e3d59a64d 100644
--- a/src/agents/prepared-model-catalog.types.ts
+++ b/src/agents/prepared-model-catalog.types.ts
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ export type PublishedModelCatalogOwnerCandidate = Readonly<{
   workspaceDir?: string;
   config: OpenClawConfig;
   authModes: PreparedAgentCredentialModes;
-  authStore: AuthProfileStore;
+  authStore?: AuthProfileStore;
   metadataSnapshot: PluginMetadataSnapshot;
   modelCatalog: ModelCatalogSnapshot;
 }>;
diff --git a/src/agents/prepared-model-runtime-auth.ts b/src/agents/prepared-model-runtime-auth.ts
index e3cc0995f360..f94c12da0c04 100644
--- a/src/agents/prepared-model-runtime-auth.ts
+++ b/src/agents/prepared-model-runtime-auth.ts
@@ -1,21 +1,39 @@
-/** Secret-free successful-auth facts owned by an immutable prepared model generation. */
 import type { RuntimeAuthMaterialization } from "./auth-profiles/runtime-materializations.js";
-import type { PreparedModelRuntimeSnapshot } from "./prepared-model-runtime.types.js";
+import type { AuthProfileStore } from "./auth-profiles/types.js";
 
-const materializationsBySnapshot = new WeakMap<
-  PreparedModelRuntimeSnapshot,
-  readonly RuntimeAuthMaterialization[]
->();
+/** Private auth facts owned by an immutable prepared model generation. */
+const authStoreBySnapshot = new WeakMap<object, AuthProfileStore>();
+const materializationsBySnapshot = new WeakMap<object, readonly RuntimeAuthMaterialization[]>();
+
+// Secret-bearing state stays lifecycle-owned without becoming part of the public snapshot shape.
+export function setPreparedModelRuntimeAuthStore(
+  snapshot: object,
+  authStore: AuthProfileStore,
+): void {
+  authStoreBySnapshot.set(snapshot, authStore);
+}
+
+export function getPreparedModelRuntimeAuthStore(snapshot: object): AuthProfileStore | undefined {
+  return authStoreBySnapshot.get(snapshot);
+}
 
 export function setPreparedModelRuntimeAuthMaterializations(
-  snapshot: PreparedModelRuntimeSnapshot,
+  snapshot: object,
   materializations: readonly RuntimeAuthMaterialization[],
 ): void {
   materializationsBySnapshot.set(snapshot, materializations);
 }
 
 export function getPreparedModelRuntimeAuthMaterializations(
-  snapshot: PreparedModelRuntimeSnapshot,
+  snapshot: object,
 ): readonly RuntimeAuthMaterialization[] {
   return materializationsBySnapshot.get(snapshot) ?? [];
 }
+
+export function copyPreparedModelRuntimeAuthState(source: object, target: object): void {
+  const authStore = authStoreBySnapshot.get(source);
+  if (authStore) {
+    authStoreBySnapshot.set(target, authStore);
+  }
+  materializationsBySnapshot.set(target, getPreparedModelRuntimeAuthMaterializations(source));
+}
diff --git a/src/agents/prepared-model-runtime.build.ts b/src/agents/prepared-model-runtime.build.ts
index e4b1a712bbd2..905f1772754e 100644
--- a/src/agents/prepared-model-runtime.build.ts
+++ b/src/agents/prepared-model-runtime.build.ts
@@ -10,7 +10,10 @@ import {
   createPreparedModelCatalogWorkerInput,
   runPreparedModelCatalogWorker,
 } from "./prepared-model-catalog-worker.js";
-import { setPreparedModelRuntimeAuthMaterializations } from "./prepared-model-runtime-auth.js";
+import {
+  setPreparedModelRuntimeAuthMaterializations,
+  setPreparedModelRuntimeAuthStore,
+} from "./prepared-model-runtime-auth.js";
 import { PreparedModelRuntimePublicationSupersededError } from "./prepared-model-runtime.errors.js";
 import {
   fingerprintPreparedRuntimeFacts,
@@ -180,7 +183,6 @@ function createSnapshot(
     ...(input.inheritedAuthDir ? { inheritedAuthDir: input.inheritedAuthDir } : {}),
     ...(input.workspaceDir ? { workspaceDir: input.workspaceDir } : {}),
     config: input.config,
-    authStore: agentFacts.authStore,
     authModes: resolveUsableAgentCredentialModes(credentials),
     metadataSnapshot: pluginMetadataSnapshot,
     allowGatewaySubagentBinding: input.allowGatewaySubagentBinding === true,
@@ -193,6 +195,7 @@ function createSnapshot(
     inlineProviderModels,
     createStores,
   });
+  setPreparedModelRuntimeAuthStore(snapshot, agentFacts.authStore);
   setPreparedModelRuntimeAuthMaterializations(
     snapshot,
     Object.freeze([...getPreparedRuntimeAuthMaterializations(input.agentDir)]),
diff --git a/src/agents/prepared-model-runtime.test.ts b/src/agents/prepared-model-runtime.test.ts
index 58b60aed565c..e0ce20896871 100644
--- a/src/agents/prepared-model-runtime.test.ts
+++ b/src/agents/prepared-model-runtime.test.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import "./prepared-model-runtime.test-harness.js";
 import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
 import { createEmptyPluginRegistry } from "../plugins/registry-empty.js";
 import { requireActivePluginRegistry } from "../plugins/runtime.js";
+import { getPreparedModelRuntimeAuthStore } from "./prepared-model-runtime-auth.js";
 import { startSerializedSnapshotBuild } from "./prepared-model-runtime.build.js";
 import {
   acquireReadOnlyPreparedModelRuntime,
@@ -558,7 +559,7 @@ describe("prepared model runtime snapshots", () => {
 
     expect(credentialFree).not.toBe(await prepareModelRuntimeSnapshot({ config, agentDir }));
     expect(mocks.discoverAuthStorage).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
-    expect(credentialFree.authStore).toEqual({ version: 1, profiles: {} });
+    expect(getPreparedModelRuntimeAuthStore(credentialFree)).toEqual({ version: 1, profiles: {} });
   });
 
   it("reuses one lifecycle-owned snapshot without rediscovering files", async () => {
diff --git a/src/agents/prepared-model-runtime.types.ts b/src/agents/prepared-model-runtime.types.ts
index 47ccd83c4295..3ee582ce6e6d 100644
--- a/src/agents/prepared-model-runtime.types.ts
+++ b/src/agents/prepared-model-runtime.types.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ import type { PreparedProviderStaticCatalog } from "../plugins/provider-discover
 import type { ProviderRuntimeModel } from "../plugins/provider-runtime-model.types.js";
 import type { PluginRegistry } from "../plugins/registry-types.js";
 import type { PreparedAgentCredentialModes } from "./agent-auth-credential-modes.js";
-import type { AuthProfileStore } from "./auth-profiles/types.js";
 import type { InlineModelEntry } from "./embedded-agent-runner/model.inline-provider.js";
 import type { AgentHarnessPluginSelection } from "./harness/runtime-plugin-load-plan.js";
 import type { ModelCatalogEntry, ModelCatalogSnapshot } from "./model-catalog.types.js";
@@ -41,8 +40,6 @@ export type PreparedModelRuntimeSnapshot = Readonly<{
   /** Session active project set, ordered most-recent first; empty before run binding. */
   activeProjectKeys: readonly string[];
   config: OpenClawConfig;
-  /** Effective materialized auth store captured by this exact lifecycle generation. */
-  authStore: AuthProfileStore;
   /** Secret-free usable auth modes captured by this exact lifecycle generation. */
   authModes: PreparedAgentCredentialModes;
   metadataSnapshot: PluginMetadataSnapshot;
diff --git a/src/agents/test-helpers/embedded-agent-runner-e2e-mocks.ts b/src/agents/test-helpers/embedded-agent-runner-e2e-mocks.ts
index 4e090d2fe7d3..1ec91e37fd6a 100644
--- a/src/agents/test-helpers/embedded-agent-runner-e2e-mocks.ts
+++ b/src/agents/test-helpers/embedded-agent-runner-e2e-mocks.ts
@@ -81,7 +81,6 @@ function createEmptyPreparedModelRuntimeSnapshot(
     ...(input.workspaceDir !== undefined ? { workspaceDir: input.workspaceDir } : {}),
     activeProjectKeys: [],
     config: input.config,
-    authStore: { version: 1, profiles: {} },
     authModes: {},
     metadataSnapshot: createEmptyPluginMetadataSnapshot(input.workspaceDir),
     pluginRegistry: createEmptyPluginRegistry(),
diff --git a/src/gateway/server-methods/chat-metadata-runtime.test.ts b/src/gateway/server-methods/chat-metadata-runtime.test.ts
index 848c56363c7b..101a1a8d77b7 100644
--- a/src/gateway/server-methods/chat-metadata-runtime.test.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/server-methods/chat-metadata-runtime.test.ts
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import {
 } from "../../agents/agent-auth-credentials.js";
 import type { AuthProfileStore } from "../../agents/auth-profiles.js";
 import type { ModelCatalogEntry } from "../../agents/model-catalog.types.js";
+import { setPreparedModelRuntimeAuthStore } from "../../agents/prepared-model-runtime-auth.js";
 import type { PreparedModelRuntimeSnapshot } from "../../agents/prepared-model-runtime.js";
 import type { OpenClawConfig } from "../../config/types.openclaw.js";
 import { withOpenClawTestState } from "../../test-utils/openclaw-test-state.js";
@@ -30,13 +31,12 @@ function createOwner(
       ]),
     ),
   };
-  return {
+  const owner: PreparedModelRuntimeSnapshot = {
     agentId: "main",
     agentDir: `/tmp/${id}/agent`,
     workspaceDir: `/tmp/${id}/workspace`,
     activeProjectKeys: [],
     config,
-    authStore,
     authModes: resolveUsableAgentCredentialModes(credentials),
     metadataSnapshot: { index: { plugins: [] }, plugins: [] } as never,
     allowGatewaySubagentBinding: false,
@@ -51,6 +51,8 @@ function createOwner(
       modelRegistry: {} as never,
     }),
   };
+  setPreparedModelRuntimeAuthStore(owner, authStore);
+  return owner;
 }
 
 function createHarness(
diff --git a/src/gateway/server-model-catalog.ts b/src/gateway/server-model-catalog.ts
index c20c636c81f1..29417944cac1 100644
--- a/src/gateway/server-model-catalog.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/server-model-catalog.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import { resolvePublishedModelCatalogOwner } from "../agents/prepared-model-catalog-owner.js";
 import type { PublishedModelCatalogOwnerCandidate } from "../agents/prepared-model-catalog.types.js";
 import { getPreparedModelRuntimeAuthMaterializations } from "../agents/prepared-model-runtime-auth.js";
-import type { PreparedModelRuntimeSnapshot } from "../agents/prepared-model-runtime.types.js";
 // Gateway catalog reads use the atomic prepared runtime generation.
 import { getRuntimeConfig } from "../config/io.js";
 import type {
@@ -68,9 +67,7 @@ async function loadGatewayModelCatalogOwnerSnapshot(
   });
   return {
     ...resolvePublishedModelCatalogOwner(candidate),
-    authMaterializations: getPreparedModelRuntimeAuthMaterializations(
-      candidate as PreparedModelRuntimeSnapshot,
-    ),
+    authMaterializations: getPreparedModelRuntimeAuthMaterializations(candidate),
   };
 }
 
diff --git a/src/gateway/worker-environments/inference-runtime.test.ts b/src/gateway/worker-environments/inference-runtime.test.ts
index c6dadc58bda2..1583963a3d99 100644
--- a/src/gateway/worker-environments/inference-runtime.test.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/worker-environments/inference-runtime.test.ts
@@ -186,7 +186,6 @@ function setup(entry: SessionEntry = sessionEntry) {
     allowGatewaySubagentBinding: true,
     workspaceDir: WORKSPACE,
     config,
-    authStore: { version: 1, profiles: {} },
     authModes: {},
     metadataSnapshot: { plugins: [] } as never,
     modelCatalog: {