refactor: consolidate coercion contracts (#122458)

* refactor: consolidate coercion contracts

Centralize exact string, record, numeric, date, Boolean, argument, and structured-error coercions while preserving call-site semantics.

Migrate canonical-name collisions and deprecated internal SDK bypasses, deleting 55 net production/tooling lines. Expand declaration ownership enforcement to 101 allowed helpers and add a narrow export-completeness audit.

* fix: preserve standalone script coercions

Keep copied Control UI tooling self-contained and retain the trusted release harness module-relative source seam when the harness runs against an old target cwd.

extensions/active-memory/config.ts

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import { isPathInside } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/security-runtime";
 import {
   asOptionalRecord,
   normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty,
+  normalizeOptionalString,
   normalizeStringEntries,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import {
@@ -132,11 +133,6 @@ function resolveToolsAllow(params: { pluginToolsAllow: unknown; cfg?: OpenClawCo
   );
 }
 
-function normalizePromptConfigText(value: unknown): string | undefined {
-  const text = typeof value === "string" ? value.trim() : "";
-  return text ? text : undefined;
-}
-
 function hasDeprecatedModelFallbackPolicy(pluginConfig: unknown): boolean {
   const raw = asOptionalRecord(pluginConfig);
   return raw ? Object.hasOwn(raw, "modelFallbackPolicy") : false;
@@ -239,8 +235,8 @@ function normalizePluginConfig(
     fastMode: normalizeActiveMemoryFastMode(raw.fastMode),
     promptStyle: resolvePromptStyle(raw.promptStyle, raw.queryMode),
     toolsAllow: resolveToolsAllow({ pluginToolsAllow: raw.toolsAllow, cfg }),
-    promptOverride: normalizePromptConfigText(raw.promptOverride),
+    promptOverride: normalizeOptionalString(raw.promptOverride),
-    promptAppend: normalizePromptConfigText(raw.promptAppend),
+    promptAppend: normalizeOptionalString(raw.promptAppend),
     timeoutMs: clampInt(
       parseOptionalPositiveInt(raw.timeoutMs, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS),
       DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS,

extensions/anthropic/session-catalog-history.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import type { AgentMessage } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/agent-harness-runtime";
 import type { OpenClawConfig } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/config-contracts";
+import { parseDateStringTimestampMs } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/number-runtime";
 import { withSessionTranscriptWriteLock } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/session-transcript-runtime";
 import { CLAUDE_CLI_BACKEND_ID } from "./cli-constants.js";
 import type { ClaudeTranscriptItem } from "./session-catalog-transcript.js";
@@ -8,8 +9,7 @@ function importedClaudeMessage(
   item: ClaudeTranscriptItem,
   fallbackTimestamp: number,
 ): AgentMessage | undefined {
-  const parsedTimestamp = item.timestamp ? Date.parse(item.timestamp) : Number.NaN;
+  const timestamp = parseDateStringTimestampMs(item.timestamp) ?? fallbackTimestamp;
-  const timestamp = Number.isFinite(parsedTimestamp) ? parsedTimestamp : fallbackTimestamp;
   const importedText = item.text?.trim();
   if (!importedText && item.type === "reasoning") {
     return undefined;

extensions/anthropic/session-catalog.ts

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import type {
   SessionCatalogTranscriptItem,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/session-catalog";
 import {
+  asPositiveSafeInteger as pullRequestNumber,
   isRecord,
   normalizeBoundedOptionalString as readBoundedString,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
@@ -241,10 +242,6 @@ function pullRequestState(value: unknown): SessionCatalogPullRequestSummary["sta
   }
 }
 
-function pullRequestNumber(value: unknown): number | undefined {
-  return typeof value === "number" && Number.isSafeInteger(value) && value > 0 ? value : undefined;
-}
-
 // Desktop retains historical PRs in order and marks hidden ones as dismissed;
 // the top-level pair identifies the current PR whose state labels the row.
 function desktopPullRequestSummary(

extensions/anthropic/session-upstream-activity.ts

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import {
   type SessionUpstreamActivity,
   type SessionUpstreamProbe,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/session-catalog";
-import { isRecord } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
+import { asSafeIntegerInRange, isRecord } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import type { ClaudeTranscriptItem } from "./session-catalog-transcript.js";
 
 const MAX_CLAUDE_UPSTREAM_SCAN_BYTES = 1024 * 1024;
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ function readMarkerOffset(probe: SessionUpstreamProbe): number | undefined {
     return undefined;
   }
   const offset = probe.marker.offset ?? probe.marker.size;
-  return Number.isSafeInteger(offset) && (offset as number) >= 0 ? (offset as number) : undefined;
+  return asSafeIntegerInRange(offset, { min: 0 });
 }
 
 async function checkClaudeSessionUpstreamActivity(

extensions/browser/src/browser/act-policy.ts

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import {
   parseStrictInteger,
   resolveTimerTimeoutMs,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/number-runtime";
+import { isRecord } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import type { BrowserActRequest } from "./client-actions.types.js";
 import { DEFAULT_BROWSER_ACTION_TIMEOUT_MS } from "./constants.js";
 
@@ -110,7 +111,7 @@ function addNavigationGraceMs(durationMs: number, count = 1): number {
 }
 
 function isActionObject(value: unknown): value is BrowserActRequest {
-  return Boolean(value) && typeof value === "object" && !Array.isArray(value);
+  return isRecord(value);
 }
 
 function resolveLeafExecutionBudgetMs(

extensions/clickclack/src/access.ts

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import {
   type StableChannelIngressIdentityParams,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/channel-ingress-runtime";
 import type { OpenClawConfig } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/config-contracts";
+import { parseDateStringTimestampMs } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/number-runtime";
 import {
   normalizeAgentId,
   type ResolvedAgentRoute,
@@ -249,6 +250,7 @@ export async function resolveClickClackInboundAccess(params: {
       preparedRoute,
     };
   }
+  const botLoopNowMs = parseDateStringTimestampMs(params.message.created_at);
   const botLoopProtection =
     isBotAuthor && params.message.author_id !== params.account.botUserId && params.account.botUserId
       ? {
@@ -263,9 +265,7 @@ export async function resolveClickClackInboundAccess(params: {
           senderId: params.message.author_id,
           receiverId: params.account.botUserId,
           eventId: params.message.id,
-          ...(Number.isFinite(Date.parse(params.message.created_at))
+          ...(botLoopNowMs !== undefined ? { nowMs: botLoopNowMs } : {}),
-            ? { nowMs: Date.parse(params.message.created_at) }
-            : {}),
           config: effectiveBotPolicy.botLoopProtection,
           defaultsConfig: cfg.channels?.defaults?.botLoopProtection,
           defaultEnabled: true,

extensions/codex/media-understanding-provider.ts

@@ -2,10 +2,7 @@
  * Codex-backed media understanding provider for bounded image description and
  * structured extraction turns.
  */
-import {
+import { validateJsonSchemaValue } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/json-schema-runtime";
-  type JsonSchemaObject,
-  validateJsonSchemaValue,
-} from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/json-schema-runtime";
 import type {
   ImagesDescriptionRequest,
   ImagesDescriptionResult,
@@ -13,6 +10,7 @@ import type {
   StructuredExtractionRequest,
   StructuredExtractionResult,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/media-understanding";
+import { isRecord } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import {
   runBoundedCodexAppServerTurn,
   type CodexBoundedTurnOptions,
@@ -179,10 +177,6 @@ function buildStructuredExtractionPrompt(req: StructuredExtractionRequest): stri
     .join("\n\n");
 }
 
-function isJsonSchemaObject(value: unknown): value is JsonSchemaObject {
-  return typeof value === "object" && value !== null && !Array.isArray(value);
-}
-
 function normalizeStructuredExtractionResult(params: {
   text: string;
   model: string;
@@ -201,7 +195,7 @@ function normalizeStructuredExtractionResult(params: {
     } catch {
       throw new Error("Codex structured extraction returned invalid JSON.");
     }
-    if (isJsonSchemaObject(params.req.jsonSchema)) {
+    if (isRecord(params.req.jsonSchema)) {
       const validation = validateJsonSchemaValue({
         schema: params.req.jsonSchema,
         cacheKey: "codex.media-understanding.extractStructured",

extensions/codex/src/app-server/attempt-context.ts

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import type {
   SessionTranscriptTargetParams,
   TranscriptTurnAdmission,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/session-transcript-runtime";
+import { readNonBlankString as readNonEmptyString } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import type { EmbeddedRunAttemptResult } from "./attempt-terminal.js";
 import type { CodexDynamicToolFunctionSpec, CodexDynamicToolSpec, JsonValue } from "./protocol.js";
 import { flattenCodexDynamicToolFunctions } from "./protocol.js";
@@ -502,10 +503,6 @@ function readPositiveNumber(value: unknown): number | undefined {
     : undefined;
 }
 
-function readNonEmptyString(value: unknown): string | undefined {
-  return typeof value === "string" && value.trim().length > 0 ? value : undefined;
-}
-
 /**
  * Builds OpenClaw-provided workspace prompt context for the current Codex turn.
  */

extensions/codex/src/app-server/compact.ts

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import {
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/agent-harness-runtime";
 import { resolveAgentDir, resolveDefaultAgentId } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/agent-runtime";
 import { createDedupeCache } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/dedupe-runtime";
+import { coerceErrorMessage } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/error-runtime";
 import { KeyedAsyncQueue } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/keyed-async-queue";
 import { asOptionalRecord } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import { isIncognitoSessionKey } from "../incognito-session.js";
@@ -963,13 +964,10 @@ function isCodexThreadNotFoundError(error: unknown): boolean {
   // compaction.rs asserts message.contains("thread not found")). So the message
   // is the authoritative positive signal here, not the generic code. This is a
   // self-heal recovery gate, not user-facing classification.
-  return formatCompactionError(error).toLowerCase().includes("thread not found");
+  return coerceErrorMessage(error).toLowerCase().includes("thread not found");
 }
 
 function formatCompactionError(error: unknown): string {
-  if (error instanceof Error) {
+  return coerceErrorMessage(error);
-    return error.message;
-  }
-  return String(error);
 }
 /* oxlint-disable max-lines -- TODO: split this grandfathered oversized file. */

extensions/codex/src/app-server/config-utils.ts

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ import { createHmac, randomBytes } from "node:crypto";
 import { resolvePositiveTimerTimeoutMs } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/number-runtime";
 import { normalizeResolvedSecretInputString } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/secret-input";
 import {
+  asOptionalRecord as readRecord,
+  normalizeOptionalString as readNonEmptyString,
   normalizeTrimmedStringList,
   parseBooleanValue,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
@@ -12,11 +14,7 @@ const START_OPTIONS_KEY_SECRET_SYMBOL = Symbol.for("openclaw.codexAppServerStart
 const START_OPTIONS_KEY_SECRET = getStartOptionsKeySecret();
 const PLAIN_DECIMAL_NUMBER_RE = /^[+-]?(?:(?:\d+\.?\d*)|(?:\.\d+))$/;
 
-export function readRecord(value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> | undefined {
+export { readNonEmptyString, readRecord };
-  return value && typeof value === "object" && !Array.isArray(value)
-    ? (value as Record<string, unknown>)
-    : undefined;
-}
 
 export function normalizeCodexServiceTier(value: unknown): CodexServiceTier | undefined {
   if (typeof value !== "string") {
@@ -108,14 +106,6 @@ export function resolveArgs(configArgs: unknown, envArgs: string | undefined): s
   return splitShellWords(envArgs ?? "");
 }
 
-export function readNonEmptyString(value: unknown): string | undefined {
-  if (typeof value !== "string") {
-    return undefined;
-  }
-  const trimmed = value.trim();
-  return trimmed || undefined;
-}
-
 export function hashSecretForKey(value: string | undefined, label: string): string | null {
   if (!value) {
     return null;

extensions/codex/src/app-server/dynamic-tools.ts

@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ import { expectDefined } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/expect-runtime";
 import type { ImageContent, TextContent } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/llm";
 import { normalizeOpenAIToolSchemas } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/provider-tools";
 import {
+  asNonArrayRecord,
   asOptionalRecord,
   isRecord,
   normalizeOptionalString,
@@ -557,7 +558,7 @@ export function createCodexDynamicToolBridge(params: {
     handleToolCall: async (call, options) => {
       const toolEntry = toolMap.get(call.tool);
       if (!toolEntry) {
-        const executedArguments = jsonObjectToRecord(call.arguments);
+        const executedArguments = asNonArrayRecord(call.arguments);
         const message = registeredToolNames.has(call.tool)
           ? `OpenClaw tool is not available for this turn: ${call.tool}`
           : `Unknown OpenClaw tool: ${call.tool}`;
@@ -582,7 +583,7 @@ export function createCodexDynamicToolBridge(params: {
         });
       }
       const { tool, name: toolName } = toolEntry;
-      const args = jsonObjectToRecord(call.arguments);
+      const args = asNonArrayRecord(call.arguments);
       const startedAt = Date.now();
       const signal = composeAbortSignals(params.signal, options?.signal);
       let didStartExecution = false;
@@ -1530,12 +1531,6 @@ function convertToolContent(
     },
   ];
 }
-function jsonObjectToRecord(value: JsonValue | undefined): Record<string, unknown> {
-  if (!value || typeof value !== "object" || Array.isArray(value)) {
-    return {};
-  }
-  return value as Record<string, unknown>;
-}
 function readFirstString(record: Record<string, unknown>, keys: string[]): string | undefined {
   for (const key of keys) {
     const value = record[key];

extensions/codex/src/app-server/event-projector-tool-output.ts

@@ -2,7 +2,10 @@ import {
   formatToolAggregate,
   formatToolProgressOutput,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/agent-harness-runtime";
-import { readStringField as readString } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
+import {
+  asNonArrayRecord,
+  readStringField as readString,
+} from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import { truncateUtf16Safe } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-utility-runtime";
 import { isJsonObject, type CodexThreadItem } from "./protocol.js";
 
@@ -104,10 +107,7 @@ export function toolOutputRawEchoSignature(
 }
 
 export function normalizeToolTranscriptArguments(value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> {
-  if (!value || typeof value !== "object" || Array.isArray(value)) {
+  return asNonArrayRecord(value);
-    return {};
-  }
-  return value as Record<string, unknown>;
 }
 
 export function collectDynamicToolContentText(

extensions/codex/src/app-server/event-projector-usage.ts

@@ -1,14 +1,13 @@
 import { normalizeUsage } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/agent-harness-runtime";
 import {
   asFiniteNumber,
+  asSafeIntegerInRange,
   readStringField as readString,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
-import { readNonNegativeInteger } from "./event-projector-values.js";
 import { isJsonObject, type JsonObject } from "./protocol.js";
 
 function readTokenCount(record: JsonObject, key: string): number | undefined {
-  const value = readNonNegativeInteger(record, key);
+  return asSafeIntegerInRange(record[key], { min: 0 });
-  return value !== undefined && Number.isSafeInteger(value) ? value : undefined;
 }
 
 function readCodexThreadTokenUsage(params: JsonObject): ReturnType<typeof normalizeUsage> {

extensions/codex/src/app-server/event-projector-values.ts

@@ -1,15 +1,14 @@
-import { asFiniteNumber, readStringField } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
+import {
+  asFiniteNumber,
+  normalizeOptionalString,
+  readStringField,
+} from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import { isJsonObject, type CodexThreadItem, type JsonObject, type JsonValue } from "./protocol.js";
 
-export function normalizeNonEmptyString(value: unknown): string | undefined {
+export { normalizeOptionalString as normalizeNonEmptyString };
-  if (typeof value !== "string") {
-    return undefined;
-  }
-  return value.trim() || undefined;
-}
 
 export function readNonEmptyString(record: JsonObject, key: string): string | undefined {
-  return normalizeNonEmptyString(record[key]);
+  return normalizeOptionalString(record[key]);
 }
 
 export function readNonEmptyStringArray(record: JsonObject, key: string): string[] {
@@ -19,7 +18,7 @@ export function readNonEmptyStringArray(record: JsonObject, key: string): string
   }
   const entries: string[] = [];
   for (const entry of value) {
-    const normalized = normalizeNonEmptyString(entry);
+    const normalized = normalizeOptionalString(entry);
     if (normalized) {
       entries.push(normalized);
     }

extensions/codex/src/app-server/models.ts

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
  * Lists and normalizes models exposed by the Codex app-server `model/list`
  * endpoint, including pagination and shared-client lease handling.
  */
-import { uniqueStrings } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
+import { normalizeOptionalString, uniqueStrings } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import type {
   CodexAppServerAuthRequirement,
   resolveCodexAppServerAuthProfileIdForAgent,
@@ -145,8 +145,8 @@ export function readModelListResult(value: unknown): CodexAppServerModelListResu
 }
 
 function readCodexModel(value: CodexModel): CodexAppServerModel {
-  const id = readNonEmptyString(value.id);
+  const id = normalizeOptionalString(value.id);
-  const model = readNonEmptyString(value.model);
+  const model = normalizeOptionalString(value.model);
   if (!id || !model) {
     throw new Error(
       "Invalid Codex app-server model/list response: model id and name must be non-empty strings",
@@ -155,37 +155,29 @@ function readCodexModel(value: CodexModel): CodexAppServerModel {
   return {
     id,
     model,
-    ...(readNonEmptyString(value.displayName)
+    ...(normalizeOptionalString(value.displayName)
-      ? { displayName: readNonEmptyString(value.displayName) }
+      ? { displayName: normalizeOptionalString(value.displayName) }
       : {}),
-    ...(readNonEmptyString(value.description)
+    ...(normalizeOptionalString(value.description)
-      ? { description: readNonEmptyString(value.description) }
+      ? { description: normalizeOptionalString(value.description) }
       : {}),
     hidden: value.hidden,
     isDefault: value.isDefault,
     inputModalities: value.inputModalities,
     supportedReasoningEfforts: readReasoningEfforts(value.supportedReasoningEfforts),
-    ...(readNonEmptyString(value.defaultReasoningEffort)
+    ...(normalizeOptionalString(value.defaultReasoningEffort)
-      ? { defaultReasoningEffort: readNonEmptyString(value.defaultReasoningEffort) }
+      ? { defaultReasoningEffort: normalizeOptionalString(value.defaultReasoningEffort) }
       : {}),
   };
 }
 
 function readReasoningEfforts(value: CodexReasoningEffortOption[]): string[] {
   const efforts = value
-    .map((entry) => readNonEmptyString(entry.reasoningEffort))
+    .map((entry) => normalizeOptionalString(entry.reasoningEffort))
     .filter((entry): entry is string => entry !== undefined);
   return uniqueStrings(efforts);
 }
 
-function readNonEmptyString(value: unknown): string | undefined {
-  if (typeof value !== "string") {
-    return undefined;
-  }
-  const trimmed = value.trim();
-  return trimmed || undefined;
-}
-
 function normalizeMaxPages(value: unknown): number {
   return typeof value === "number" && Number.isFinite(value) && value > 0 ? Math.floor(value) : 20;
 }

extensions/codex/src/app-server/plugin-thread-config.ts

@@ -715,17 +715,11 @@ function mergeJsonObjects(left: JsonObject, right: JsonObject): JsonObject {
   for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(right)) {
     const existing = merged[key];
     merged[key] =
-      isPlainJsonObject(existing) && isPlainJsonObject(value)
+      isJsonObject(existing) && isJsonObject(value) ? mergeJsonObjects(existing, value) : value;
-        ? mergeJsonObjects(existing, value)
-        : value;
   }
   return merged;
 }
 
-function isPlainJsonObject(value: JsonValue | undefined): value is JsonObject {
-  return Boolean(value && typeof value === "object" && !Array.isArray(value));
-}
-
 function fingerprintJson(value: JsonValue): string {
   return crypto.createHash("sha256").update(stableStringify(value)).digest("hex");
 }

extensions/codex/src/app-server/protocol.ts

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { isRecord } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import type { CodexCommandExecParams, CodexCommandExecResponse } from "./command-exec-protocol.js";
 import type {
   CodexAppInfo,
@@ -707,7 +708,7 @@ type CodexAppServerRequestResultMap = {
 };
 
 export function isJsonObject(value: unknown): value is JsonObject {
-  return Boolean(value && typeof value === "object" && !Array.isArray(value));
+  return isRecord(value);
 }
 
 export function isRpcResponse(message: RpcMessage): message is RpcResponse {

extensions/codex/src/app-server/rpc-error.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import type { JsonValue } from "./protocol.js";
+import { isJsonObject, type JsonValue } from "./protocol.js";
 
 /** RPC error wrapper that preserves app-server error code and data. */
 export class CodexAppServerRpcError extends Error {
@@ -36,7 +36,3 @@ function readCodexAppServerRpcReloginDetail(data: JsonValue | undefined): string
   const detail = typeof nested.detail === "string" ? nested.detail.trim() : "";
   return isRelogin && detail ? detail : undefined;
 }
-
-function isJsonObject(value: unknown): value is { [key: string]: JsonValue } {
-  return Boolean(value && typeof value === "object" && !Array.isArray(value));
-}

extensions/codex/src/app-server/settled-turn-projection.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { Buffer } from "node:buffer";
 import type { AgentMessage } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/agent-harness-runtime";
-import { isRecord } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
+import { isRecord, normalizeOptionalString } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import type { JsonValue } from "./protocol.js";
 import { readUpstreamUserText } from "./upstream-prompt-provenance.js";
 
@@ -18,10 +18,6 @@ type ProjectedMessageGroup = {
   bytes: number;
 };
 
-function readNonEmptyString(value: unknown): string | undefined {
-  return typeof value === "string" ? value.trim() || undefined : undefined;
-}
-
 function readBoundedText(
   value: unknown,
   label: string,
@@ -49,7 +45,7 @@ function responseItemBytes(item: JsonValue): number {
 }
 
 function requireCallId(value: unknown): string {
-  const callId = readNonEmptyString(value);
+  const callId = normalizeOptionalString(value);
   if (!callId || callId.length > 256) {
     throw new Error("Codex settled-turn projection found an invalid tool call id");
   }
@@ -57,7 +53,7 @@ function requireCallId(value: unknown): string {
 }
 
 function requireToolName(value: unknown): string {
-  const name = readNonEmptyString(value);
+  const name = normalizeOptionalString(value);
   if (!name || !TOOL_NAME_PATTERN.test(name)) {
     throw new Error("Codex settled-turn projection found an invalid tool name");
   }
@@ -207,7 +203,7 @@ function projectToolResult(message: Record<string, unknown>): {
       throw new Error("Codex settled-turn projection found malformed tool result content");
     }
     if (value.type === "image") {
-      const mimeType = readNonEmptyString(value.mimeType) ?? "unknown type";
+      const mimeType = normalizeOptionalString(value.mimeType) ?? "unknown type";
       // The finalizer selects by text capability. Preserve image evidence as
       // metadata without embedding an executable or oversized multimodal payload.
       parts.push(`[Image tool result: ${mimeType}]`);

extensions/codex/src/app-server/thread-context-engine.ts

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import {
   isActiveHarnessContextEngine,
   type EmbeddedRunAttemptParamsV2 as EmbeddedRunAttemptParams,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/agent-harness-runtime";
+import { isRecord } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import {
   resolveCodexContextEngineProjectionMaxChars,
   resolveCodexContextEngineProjectionReserveTokens,
@@ -88,16 +89,12 @@ function areContextEngineProjectionBindingsCompatible(
 }
 
 function resolveContextEngineCitationsMode(config: unknown): JsonValue | undefined {
-  const rootConfig = isUnknownRecord(config) ? config : undefined;
+  const rootConfig = isRecord(config) ? config : undefined;
-  const memoryConfig = isUnknownRecord(rootConfig?.memory) ? rootConfig.memory : undefined;
+  const memoryConfig = isRecord(rootConfig?.memory) ? rootConfig.memory : undefined;
   const citations = memoryConfig?.citations;
   return isJsonConfigValue(citations) ? citations : undefined;
 }
 
-function isUnknownRecord(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
-  return Boolean(value && typeof value === "object" && !Array.isArray(value));
-}
-
 function isJsonConfigValue(value: unknown): value is JsonValue {
   if (value === null || typeof value === "string" || typeof value === "boolean") {
     return true;
@@ -108,5 +105,5 @@ function isJsonConfigValue(value: unknown): value is JsonValue {
   if (Array.isArray(value)) {
     return value.every(isJsonConfigValue);
   }
-  return isUnknownRecord(value) && Object.values(value).every(isJsonConfigValue);
+  return isRecord(value) && Object.values(value).every(isJsonConfigValue);
 }

extensions/codex/src/app-server/upstream-session-fork.ts

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import {
   deleteSessionUpstreamLink,
   upsertSessionUpstreamLink,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/session-catalog";
-import { isRecord } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
+import { isRecord, normalizeOptionalString } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import { isIncognitoSessionKey } from "../incognito-session.js";
 import type { CodexSessionCatalogControl } from "../session-catalog-types.js";
 import { codexLastTerminalTurnId, codexUpstreamBaseline } from "../session-upstream-marker.js";
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ function readConnectionFingerprint(ref: unknown): string | undefined {
 }
 
 function normalizeTurnId(value: unknown): string | undefined {
-  return typeof value === "string" && value.trim() ? value.trim() : undefined;
+  return normalizeOptionalString(value);
 }
 
 export async function forkCodexUpstreamSession(

extensions/codex/src/native-thread-tool.ts

@@ -12,7 +12,11 @@ import {
   ModelSelectionLockedError,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/model-session-runtime";
 import type { OpenClawPluginToolContext } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/plugin-entry";
-import { asBoolean, asOptionalRecord } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
+import {
+  asBoolean,
+  asOptionalRecord,
+  asSafeIntegerInRange,
+} from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import { Type } from "typebox";
 import { resolveCodexBindingAppServerConnection } from "./app-server/binding-connection.js";
 import { CODEX_CONTROL_METHODS } from "./app-server/capabilities.js";
@@ -112,12 +116,6 @@ type CodexThreadsToolOptions = {
   request?: typeof codexControlRequest;
 };
 
-function readLimit(value: unknown): number | undefined {
-  return typeof value === "number" && Number.isInteger(value) && value >= 1 && value <= 100
-    ? value
-    : undefined;
-}
-
 function resolveToolSession(
   context: OpenClawPluginToolContext,
   runtime: PluginRuntime,
@@ -291,7 +289,7 @@ export function createCodexThreadsTool(options: CodexThreadsToolOptions): AnyAge
           CODEX_CONTROL_METHODS.listThreads,
           {
             archived: asBoolean(params.archived) ?? false,
-            limit: readLimit(params.limit) ?? 20,
+            limit: asSafeIntegerInRange(params.limit, { min: 1, max: 100 }) ?? 20,
             modelProviders: [],
             sortKey: "recency_at",
             sortDirection: "desc",

extensions/codex/src/session-upstream-marker.test.ts

@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
+import { readNonEmptyStringPreservingWhitespace as normalizeTurnId } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import { describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
 import type { CodexThread } from "./app-server/protocol.js";
 import { codexUpstreamBaseline } from "./session-upstream-marker.js";
 
-const normalizeTurnId = (value: unknown) =>
-  typeof value === "string" && value ? value : undefined;
-
 describe("codexUpstreamBaseline", () => {
   it("baselines an active adoption-time turn including its current user items", () => {
     const thread = {

extensions/codex/src/web-search-provider.runtime.ts

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import {
   wrapWebContent,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/provider-web-search";
 import type { WebSearchProviderPlugin } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/provider-web-search-contract";
+import { normalizeOptionalString } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import {
   runBoundedCodexAppServerTurn,
   type CodexBoundedTurnOptions,
@@ -66,7 +67,7 @@ function summarizeCodexWebSearchItem(item: CodexThreadItem): Record<string, unkn
   const actionType = readNonEmptyString(action, "type");
   const queries = actionType === "search" ? readNonEmptyStringArray(action, "queries") : [];
   const query =
-    normalizeNonEmptyString(item.query) ??
+    normalizeOptionalString(item.query) ??
     (actionType === "search" ? readNonEmptyString(action, "query") : undefined) ??
     queries[0];
   const url = readNonEmptyString(action, "url");
@@ -81,7 +82,7 @@ function summarizeCodexWebSearchItem(item: CodexThreadItem): Record<string, unkn
 }
 
 function readNonEmptyString(record: JsonObject | undefined, key: string): string | undefined {
-  return record ? normalizeNonEmptyString(record[key]) : undefined;
+  return record ? normalizeOptionalString(record[key]) : undefined;
 }
 
 function readNonEmptyStringArray(record: JsonObject | undefined, key: string): string[] {
@@ -90,11 +91,7 @@ function readNonEmptyStringArray(record: JsonObject | undefined, key: string): s
     return [];
   }
   return value.flatMap((entry) => {
-    const normalized = normalizeNonEmptyString(entry);
+    const normalized = normalizeOptionalString(entry);
     return normalized ? [normalized] : [];
   });
 }
-
-function normalizeNonEmptyString(value: unknown): string | undefined {
-  return typeof value === "string" ? value.trim() || undefined : undefined;
-}

extensions/copilot/src/replay-shim.ts

@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@
 //   - `src/agents/pi-embedded-runner/run/types.ts` —
 //     `AgentHarnessAttemptResult.replayMetadata` field requirement.
 
+import { normalizeOptionalString } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
+
 type ReplayDecision =
   | {
       readonly action: "resume";
@@ -38,11 +40,7 @@ interface ReplayShimInput {
 }
 
 function normalizeSdkSessionId(value: unknown): string | undefined {
-  if (typeof value !== "string") {
+  return normalizeOptionalString(value);
-    return undefined;
-  }
-  const trimmed = value.trim();
-  return trimmed.length > 0 ? trimmed : undefined;
 }
 
 /**

extensions/diagnostics-prometheus/src/service.ts

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import {
   normalizeDiagnosticValue,
   normalizeDiagnosticLane,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/diagnostic-runtime";
+import { asNonNegativeFiniteNumber as numericValue } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/number-runtime";
 import { truncateUtf16Safe } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-utility-runtime";
 import type {
   DiagnosticEventMetadata,
@@ -56,10 +57,6 @@ const RATIO_BUCKETS = [0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16];
 const MAX_PROMETHEUS_SERIES = 2048;
 const DROPPED_SERIES_COUNTER_NAME = "openclaw_prometheus_series_dropped_total";
 
-function numericValue(value: number | undefined): number | undefined {
-  return typeof value === "number" && Number.isFinite(value) && value >= 0 ? value : undefined;
-}
-
 function seconds(ms: number | undefined): number | undefined {
   const value = numericValue(ms);
   return value === undefined ? undefined : value / 1000;

extensions/discord/src/monitor/gateway-plugin.ts

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import {
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/proxy-capture";
 import { danger, warn } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/runtime-env";
 import type { RuntimeEnv } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/runtime-env";
+import { asFiniteNumber } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import { truncateUtf16Safe } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-utility-runtime";
 import * as ws from "ws";
 import * as discordGateway from "../internal/gateway.js";
@@ -78,8 +79,7 @@ function readStringProperty(value: object, key: string): string | undefined {
 }
 
 function readNumberProperty(value: object, key: string): number | undefined {
-  const property = (value as Record<string, unknown>)[key];
+  return asFiniteNumber((value as Record<string, unknown>)[key]);
-  return typeof property === "number" && Number.isFinite(property) ? property : undefined;
 }
 
 function describeDiscordGatewayTransportError(error: Error): DiscordGatewayTransportErrorDetails {

extensions/discord/src/monitor/provider.startup.test.ts

@@ -33,17 +33,6 @@ vi.mock("openclaw/plugin-sdk/runtime-env", () => ({
   danger: (value: string) => value,
 }));
 
-vi.mock("openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime", () => {
-  const normalizeMockOptionalString = (value: string | null | undefined) => {
-    if (typeof value !== "string") {
-      return undefined;
-    }
-    const normalized = value.trim();
-    return normalized.length > 0 ? normalized : undefined;
-  };
-  return { normalizeOptionalString: normalizeMockOptionalString };
-});
-
 vi.mock("../proxy-request-client.js", () => ({
   DISCORD_REST_TIMEOUT_MS: 15_000,
   createDiscordRequestClient: vi.fn(() => ({

extensions/feishu/src/conversation-id.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 // Feishu plugin module implements conversation id behavior.
-import { normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
+import {
+  normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty,
+  normalizeOptionalString as normalizeText,
+} from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 
 export type FeishuGroupSessionScope =
   | "group"
@@ -26,14 +29,6 @@ export function resolveConfiguredFeishuGroupSessionScope(params: {
   );
 }
 
-function normalizeText(value: unknown): string | undefined {
-  if (typeof value !== "string") {
-    return undefined;
-  }
-  const trimmed = value.trim();
-  return trimmed || undefined;
-}
-
 export function buildFeishuConversationId(params: {
   chatId: string;
   scope: FeishuGroupSessionScope;

extensions/feishu/src/monitor.transport.ts

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import crypto from "node:crypto";
 import * as http from "node:http";
 import * as Lark from "@larksuiteoapi/node-sdk";
 import { channelBlockedPatch, channelReadyPatch } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/gateway-runtime";
+import { isRecord } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import { truncateUtf16Safe } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-utility-runtime";
 import { waitForAbortableDelay } from "./async.js";
 import { createFeishuWSClient } from "./client.js";
@@ -56,7 +57,7 @@ const FEISHU_WS_AUTORECONNECT_DISABLED_ERROR =
   "WebSocket connect failed and autoReconnect is disabled";
 
 function isFeishuWebhookPayload(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
-  return Boolean(value) && typeof value === "object" && !Array.isArray(value);
+  return isRecord(value);
 }
 
 const BLOCKED_FEISHU_WEBHOOK_PAYLOAD_KEYS = new Set([

extensions/file-transfer/src/shared/policy.ts

@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ import path from "node:path";
 import { minimatch } from "minimatch";
 import { mutateConfigFile } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/config-mutation";
 import { getRuntimeConfig } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/runtime-config-snapshot";
+import { asNullableRecord } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 
 export type FilePolicyKind = "read" | "write";
 type FilePolicyAskMode = "off" | "on-miss" | "always";
@@ -85,10 +86,7 @@ type NodeFilePolicyConfig = {
 type FilePolicyConfig = Record<string, NodeFilePolicyConfig>;
 
 function asFilePolicyConfig(value: unknown): FilePolicyConfig | null {
-  if (!value || typeof value !== "object" || Array.isArray(value)) {
+  return asNullableRecord(value) as FilePolicyConfig | null;
-    return null;
-  }
-  return value as FilePolicyConfig;
 }
 
 function readFilePolicyConfigFromPluginConfig(pluginConfig: unknown): FilePolicyConfig | null {

extensions/fish-audio-speech/speech-provider.ts

@@ -15,7 +15,11 @@ import {
   resolveSpeechProviderApiKey,
   trimToUndefined,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/speech-core";
-import { asFiniteNumberInRange, asOptionalRecord } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
+import {
+  asFiniteNumberInRange,
+  asOptionalRecord,
+  parseBooleanValue,
+} from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import {
   FISH_AUDIO_STREAM_MAX_BYTES,
   type FishAudioFormat,
@@ -207,12 +211,9 @@ function parseDirectiveToken(ctx: SpeechDirectiveTokenParseContext) {
       if (!ctx.policy.allowNormalization) {
         return { handled: true };
       }
-      const value = ctx.value.trim().toLowerCase();
+      const normalize = parseBooleanValue(ctx.value);
-      if (["true", "1", "yes", "on"].includes(value)) {
+      if (normalize !== undefined) {
-        return { handled: true, overrides: { ...ctx.currentOverrides, normalize: true } };
+        return { handled: true, overrides: { ...ctx.currentOverrides, normalize } };
-      }
-      if (["false", "0", "no", "off"].includes(value)) {
-        return { handled: true, overrides: { ...ctx.currentOverrides, normalize: false } };
       }
       return { handled: true, warnings: [`invalid Fish Audio normalize "${ctx.value}"`] };
     }

extensions/github-copilot/auth.test.ts

@@ -7,13 +7,15 @@ const coerceSecretRefMock = vi.hoisted(() => vi.fn());
 const resolveConfiguredSecretInputWithFallbackMock = vi.hoisted(() => vi.fn());
 const resolveRequiredConfiguredSecretRefInputStringMock = vi.hoisted(() => vi.fn());
 
-vi.mock("openclaw/plugin-sdk/provider-auth", () => ({
+vi.mock("openclaw/plugin-sdk/provider-auth", async () => {
-  coerceSecretRef: coerceSecretRefMock,
+  const { normalizeOptionalString } = await import("openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime");
-  ensureAuthProfileStore: ensureAuthProfileStoreMock,
+  return {
-  listProfilesForProvider: listProfilesForProviderMock,
+    coerceSecretRef: coerceSecretRefMock,
-  normalizeOptionalSecretInput: (value: unknown) =>
+    ensureAuthProfileStore: ensureAuthProfileStoreMock,
-    typeof value === "string" && value.trim() ? value.trim() : undefined,
+    listProfilesForProvider: listProfilesForProviderMock,
-}));
+    normalizeOptionalSecretInput: normalizeOptionalString,
+  };
+});
 
 vi.mock("openclaw/plugin-sdk/secret-input-runtime", () => ({
   resolveConfiguredSecretInputWithFallback: resolveConfiguredSecretInputWithFallbackMock,

extensions/imessage/src/accounts.ts

@@ -6,7 +6,10 @@ import { normalizeAccountId, type OpenClawConfig } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/acc
 // Imessage plugin module implements accounts behavior.
 import { expectDefined } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/expect-runtime";
 import { resolveAccountEntry } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/routing";
-import { normalizeOptionalString } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
+import {
+  asOptionalRecord,
+  normalizeOptionalString,
+} from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import type { IMessageAccountConfig } from "./account-types.js";
 import {
   expandIMessageUserPath,
@@ -45,9 +48,7 @@ function resolveIMessageAccountConfig(
 type IMessageStreamingConfig = NonNullable<IMessageAccountConfig["streaming"]>;
 
 function asStreamingConfigObject(value: unknown): IMessageStreamingConfig | undefined {
-  return value && typeof value === "object" && !Array.isArray(value)
+  return asOptionalRecord(value) as IMessageStreamingConfig | undefined;
-    ? (value as IMessageStreamingConfig)
-    : undefined;
 }
 
 function mergeIMessageStreamingConfig(

extensions/imessage/src/actions-chat-guid.ts

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import {
   parseStrictInteger,
   resolveExpiresAtMsFromDurationMs,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/number-runtime";
+import { normalizeOptionalString as stringFromUnknown } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import type { IMessageActionTransportOptions } from "./actions-rpc.js";
 import { normalizeDirectChatIdentifier } from "./chat-context.js";
 import { createIMessageRpcClient } from "./client.js";
@@ -41,10 +42,6 @@ function numberFromUnknown(value: unknown): number | undefined {
   return typeof value === "number" && Number.isFinite(value) ? value : parseStrictInteger(value);
 }
 
-function stringFromUnknown(value: unknown): string | undefined {
-  return typeof value === "string" && value.trim() ? value.trim() : undefined;
-}
-
 function chatListCacheKey(options: IMessageActionTransportOptions): string {
   return `${options.cliPath}\0${options.dbPath ?? ""}\0${options.remoteHost ?? ""}`;
 }

extensions/imessage/src/approval-reaction-poller.ts

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 import type { OpenClawConfig } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/config-contracts";
 import {
   asDateTimestampMs,
+  asPositiveFiniteNumber,
   resolveExpiresAtMsFromDurationMs,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/number-runtime";
 import type { IMessageApprovalGatewayRuntime } from "./approval-gateway-types.js";
@@ -38,7 +39,7 @@ type HistoryMessage = IMessagePayload & {
 };
 
 function normalizeChatId(value: unknown): number | null {
-  return typeof value === "number" && Number.isFinite(value) && value > 0 ? value : null;
+  return asPositiveFiniteNumber(value) ?? null;
 }
 
 function listTargetChatIds(

extensions/imessage/src/monitor/dm-history.ts

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import {
   formatInboundEnvelope,
   type resolveEnvelopeFormatOptions,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/channel-inbound";
+import { parseDateStringTimestampMs } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/number-runtime";
 import { normalizeOptionalString } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import type { IMessageRpcClient } from "../client.js";
 import { normalizeIMessageHandle } from "../targets.js";
@@ -87,8 +88,7 @@ function historyEntryFromMessage(message: IMessagePayload, fallbackSender: strin
   if (!body) {
     return null;
   }
-  const timestamp =
+  const timestamp = parseDateStringTimestampMs(message.created_at);
-    typeof message.created_at === "string" ? Date.parse(message.created_at) : Number.NaN;
   return {
     sender:
       message.is_from_me === true
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ function historyEntryFromMessage(message: IMessagePayload, fallbackSender: strin
         : normalizeIMessageHandle(normalizeOptionalString(message.sender) ?? fallbackSender) ||
           fallbackSender,
     body,
-    ...(Number.isFinite(timestamp) ? { timestamp } : {}),
+    ...(timestamp !== undefined ? { timestamp } : {}),
   };
 }
 

extensions/imessage/src/monitor/ingress.ts

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import { isRecord } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/channel-secret-basic-runtime";
 import { collectErrorGraphCandidates, formatErrorMessage } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/error-runtime";
 import { KeyedAsyncQueue } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/keyed-async-queue";
 import type { RuntimeEnv } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/runtime-env";
+import { asSafeIntegerInRange } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import { getIMessageRuntime } from "../runtime.js";
 import { parseIMessageNotification } from "./parse-notification.js";
 import type { IMessagePayload } from "./types.js";
@@ -62,8 +63,7 @@ function rawMessageRecord(raw: unknown): Record<string, unknown> | null {
 }
 
 function rawRowid(raw: unknown): number | null {
-  const rowid = rawMessageRecord(raw)?.id;
+  return asSafeIntegerInRange(rawMessageRecord(raw)?.id, { min: 0 }) ?? null;
-  return typeof rowid === "number" && Number.isSafeInteger(rowid) && rowid >= 0 ? rowid : null;
 }
 
 /** Read only stable transport metadata; payload normalization waits for dispatch. */

extensions/imessage/src/send.ts

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import {
 import { requireRuntimeConfig } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/plugin-config-runtime";
 import { sleep as delay } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/runtime-env";
 import { openNodeSqliteDatabase } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/sqlite-runtime";
+import { normalizeOptionalString as stringValue } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import { resolvePreferredOpenClawTmpDir, withTempWorkspace } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/temp-path";
 import { convertMarkdownTables } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-chunking";
 import { stripInlineDirectiveTagsForDelivery } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-chunking";
@@ -518,10 +519,6 @@ async function runIMessageCliJson(
   });
 }
 
-function stringValue(value: unknown): string | undefined {
-  return typeof value === "string" && value.trim() ? value.trim() : undefined;
-}
-
 function resultService(value: unknown): Exclude<IMessageService, "auto"> | undefined {
   const normalized = stringValue(value)?.toLowerCase();
   return normalized === "imessage" || normalized === "sms" ? normalized : undefined;

extensions/imessage/src/state-migrations.ts

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import type { ChannelLegacyStateMigrationPlan } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/channe
 import type { OpenClawConfig } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/config-contracts";
 import { fileExists } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/security-runtime";
 import { resolveStateDir } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/state-paths";
-import { uniqueStrings } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
+import { asFiniteNumber, uniqueStrings } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import {
   listIMessageAccountIds,
   resolveDefaultIMessageAccountId,
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ function readReplyCounterValue(value: unknown): number | null {
     return null;
   }
   const counter = (value as { counter?: unknown }).counter;
-  return typeof counter === "number" && Number.isFinite(counter) ? counter : null;
+  return asFiniteNumber(counter) ?? null;
 }
 
 function shouldReplaceReplyCounter(existingValue: unknown, incomingValue: unknown): boolean {

extensions/logbook/src/node-host.ts

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import { randomUUID } from "node:crypto";
 import { chmod, mkdir, readFile, rm, writeFile } from "node:fs/promises";
 import path from "node:path";
 import { runExec } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/process-runtime";
+import { asFiniteNumber } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import { resolvePreferredOpenClawTmpDir } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/temp-path";
 
 type LogbookSnapshotParams = {
@@ -22,11 +23,11 @@ function readParams(value: unknown): LogbookSnapshotParams {
     return {};
   }
   const record = value as Record<string, unknown>;
-  const num = (key: string) => {
+  return {
-    const candidate = record[key];
+    screenIndex: asFiniteNumber(record.screenIndex),
-    return typeof candidate === "number" && Number.isFinite(candidate) ? candidate : undefined;
+    maxWidth: asFiniteNumber(record.maxWidth),
+    quality: asFiniteNumber(record.quality),
   };
-  return { screenIndex: num("screenIndex"), maxWidth: num("maxWidth"), quality: num("quality") };
 }
 
 export async function handleLogbookSnapshot(rawParams: unknown): Promise<LogbookSnapshotPayload> {

extensions/matrix/src/plugin-entry.runtime.js

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ function readPackageJson(packageRoot) {
   }
 }
 
-function normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(value) {
+function lowercaseStringOrEmptyWithoutTrim(value) {
   return typeof value === "string" ? value.toLowerCase() : "";
 }
 
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ function hasTrustedOpenClawRootIndicator(packageRoot, packageJson) {
   const hasCliEntryExport = Object.hasOwn(packageExports, "./cli-entry");
   const hasOpenClawBin =
     (typeof packageJson?.bin === "string" &&
-      normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(packageJson.bin).includes("openclaw")) ||
+      lowercaseStringOrEmptyWithoutTrim(packageJson.bin).includes("openclaw")) ||
     (typeof packageJson?.bin === "object" &&
       packageJson.bin !== null &&
       typeof packageJson.bin.openclaw === "string");

extensions/mattermost/src/gateway-auth-bypass.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
 // Mattermost plugin module implements gateway auth bypass behavior.
+import {
+  asOptionalRecord,
+  normalizeOptionalString as readTrimmedString,
+} from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
+
 const DEFAULT_SLASH_CALLBACK_PATH = "/api/channels/mattermost/command";
 
 type MattermostSlashCommandConfigInput = {
@@ -14,10 +19,6 @@ type MattermostConfigInput = MattermostAccountConfigInput & {
   accounts?: Record<string, unknown>;
 };
 
-function readTrimmedString(value: unknown): string | undefined {
-  return typeof value === "string" && value.trim() ? value.trim() : undefined;
-}
-
 function normalizeCallbackPath(value: unknown): string {
   const trimmed = readTrimmedString(value);
   if (!trimmed) {
@@ -27,9 +28,7 @@ function normalizeCallbackPath(value: unknown): string {
 }
 
 function readMattermostCommands(value: unknown): MattermostSlashCommandConfigInput | undefined {
-  return value && typeof value === "object" && !Array.isArray(value)
+  return asOptionalRecord(value) as MattermostSlashCommandConfigInput | undefined;
-    ? (value as MattermostSlashCommandConfigInput)
-    : undefined;
 }
 
 function isMattermostBypassPath(path: string): boolean {

extensions/memory-core/src/memory/embeddings.test.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 // Memory Core tests cover embeddings plugin behavior.
 import type { OpenClawConfig } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/config-contracts";
 import type { EmbeddingProviderAdapter } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/embedding-providers";
+import { coerceErrorMessage } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/error-runtime";
 import type { MemoryEmbeddingProviderAdapter } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/memory-core-host-engine-embeddings";
 import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
 import {
@@ -105,7 +106,7 @@ function createMissingCredentialsAdapter(
     id: "bedrock",
     transport: "remote",
     autoSelectPriority: 60,
-    formatSetupError: (err) => (err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)),
+    formatSetupError: coerceErrorMessage,
     shouldContinueAutoSelection: (err) =>
       err instanceof Error && err.message.includes("No API key found for provider"),
     create: async () => {

extensions/msteams/src/attachments/bot-framework.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 // Msteams plugin module implements bot framework behavior.
+import { coerceErrorMessage } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/error-runtime";
 import { parseMediaContentLength } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/media-runtime";
 import { readProviderJsonResponse } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/provider-http";
 import {
@@ -108,7 +109,7 @@ async function fetchBotFrameworkAttachmentInfo(params: {
     });
   } catch (err) {
     params.logger?.warn?.("msteams botFramework attachmentInfo fetch failed", {
-      error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+      error: coerceErrorMessage(err),
     });
     return undefined;
   }
@@ -126,7 +127,7 @@ async function fetchBotFrameworkAttachmentInfo(params: {
     );
   } catch (err) {
     params.logger?.warn?.("msteams botFramework attachmentInfo parse failed", {
-      error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+      error: coerceErrorMessage(err),
     });
     return undefined;
   }
@@ -168,7 +169,7 @@ async function saveBotFrameworkAttachmentView(params: {
     });
   } catch (err) {
     params.logger?.warn?.("msteams botFramework attachmentView fetch failed", {
-      error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+      error: coerceErrorMessage(err),
     });
     return undefined;
   }
@@ -185,7 +186,7 @@ async function saveBotFrameworkAttachmentView(params: {
   } catch (err) {
     await response.body?.cancel().catch(() => undefined);
     params.logger?.warn?.("msteams botFramework attachmentView invalid content-length", {
-      error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+      error: coerceErrorMessage(err),
     });
     return undefined;
   }
@@ -204,7 +205,7 @@ async function saveBotFrameworkAttachmentView(params: {
     });
   } catch (err) {
     params.logger?.warn?.("msteams botFramework attachmentView save failed", {
-      error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+      error: coerceErrorMessage(err),
     });
     return undefined;
   } finally {
@@ -256,7 +257,7 @@ async function downloadMSTeamsBotFrameworkAttachment(params: {
     });
   } catch (err) {
     params.logger?.warn?.("msteams botFramework token acquisition failed", {
-      error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+      error: coerceErrorMessage(err),
     });
     return undefined;
   }
@@ -401,7 +402,7 @@ export async function downloadMSTeamsBotFrameworkAttachments(params: {
     } catch (err) {
       media.push({ kind: "document", sourceId: attachmentId });
       params.logger?.warn?.("msteams botFramework attachment download failed", {
-        error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+        error: coerceErrorMessage(err),
         attachmentId,
       });
     }

extensions/msteams/src/attachments/download.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 // Msteams plugin module implements download behavior.
+import { coerceErrorMessage } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/error-runtime";
 import {
   normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty,
   normalizeOptionalLowercaseString,
@@ -334,7 +335,7 @@ export async function downloadMSTeamsAttachments(params: {
       } catch (err) {
         out.push(withSourceId({ kind: candidate.mediaKind }, candidate.sourceId));
         params.logger?.warn?.("msteams inline attachment decode failed", {
-          error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+          error: coerceErrorMessage(err),
         });
       }
       continue;
@@ -370,7 +371,7 @@ export async function downloadMSTeamsAttachments(params: {
       out.push(withSourceId(media, candidate.sourceId));
     } catch (err) {
       out.push(withSourceId({ kind: candidate.mediaKind }, candidate.sourceId));
-      const msg = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+      const msg = coerceErrorMessage(err);
       params.logger?.warn?.(
         `msteams attachment download failed host=${safeHostForLog(candidate.url)} error=${msg}`,
       );

extensions/msteams/src/attachments/graph.test.ts

@@ -4,8 +4,7 @@ import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
 // Mock shared.js to avoid transitive runtime-api imports that pull in uninstalled packages.
 vi.mock("./shared.js", async (importOriginal) => {
   const actual = await importOriginal<typeof import("./shared.js")>();
-  const isMockRecord = (value: unknown) =>
+  const { isRecord } = await import("openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime");
-    typeof value === "object" && value !== null && !Array.isArray(value);
   return {
     ...actual,
     applyAuthorizationHeaderForUrl: vi.fn(),
@@ -13,7 +12,7 @@ vi.mock("./shared.js", async (importOriginal) => {
     resolveMSTeamsMediaKind: vi.fn(({ contentType }: { contentType?: string }) =>
       contentType?.startsWith("image/") ? "image" : "document",
     ),
-    isRecord: isMockRecord,
+    isRecord,
     isUrlAllowed: vi.fn(() => true),
     normalizeContentType: vi.fn((ct: string | null | undefined) => ct ?? undefined),
     resolveMediaSsrfPolicy: vi.fn(() => undefined),

extensions/msteams/src/attachments/graph.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 // Msteams plugin module implements graph behavior.
+import { coerceErrorMessage } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/error-runtime";
 import {
   readProviderJsonArrayFieldResponse,
   readProviderJsonResponse,
@@ -188,7 +189,7 @@ async function downloadGraphHostedContent(params: {
     })) as { status: number; items: GraphHostedContent[] };
   } catch (err) {
     params.logger?.warn?.("msteams graph hostedContents fetch failed", {
-      error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+      error: coerceErrorMessage(err),
     });
     return { media: [], count: 0 };
   }
@@ -240,7 +241,7 @@ async function downloadGraphHostedContent(params: {
     } catch (err) {
       out.push(createGraphHostedContentFact(item));
       params.logger?.warn?.("msteams graph hostedContent value fetch failed", {
-        error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+        error: coerceErrorMessage(err),
       });
       continue;
     }
@@ -324,10 +325,10 @@ export async function downloadMSTeamsGraphMedia(params: {
         } catch (err) {
           params.logger?.debug?.("graph media message parse failed", {
             messageUrl,
-            error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+            error: coerceErrorMessage(err),
           });
           params.logger?.warn?.("msteams graph message parse failed", {
-            error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+            error: coerceErrorMessage(err),
             messageUrl,
           });
           msgData = {};
@@ -349,10 +350,10 @@ export async function downloadMSTeamsGraphMedia(params: {
   } catch (err) {
     params.logger?.debug?.("graph media message fetch failed", {
       messageUrl,
-      error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+      error: coerceErrorMessage(err),
     });
     params.logger?.warn?.("msteams graph message fetch failed", {
-      error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+      error: coerceErrorMessage(err),
     });
   }
 
@@ -423,7 +424,7 @@ export async function downloadMSTeamsGraphMedia(params: {
     } catch (err) {
       sharePointMedia.push(unavailableMedia);
       params.logger?.warn?.("msteams SharePoint reference download failed", {
-        error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+        error: coerceErrorMessage(err),
         name,
       });
     }
@@ -472,7 +473,7 @@ export async function downloadMSTeamsGraphMedia(params: {
     });
   } catch (err) {
     params.logger?.warn?.("msteams graph attachment download failed", {
-      error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+      error: coerceErrorMessage(err),
       messageUrl,
     });
   }

extensions/msteams/src/monitor.conversation-allowlist.lifecycle.test.ts

@@ -45,20 +45,22 @@ const keepHttpServerTaskAliveMock = vi.hoisted(() =>
   }),
 );
 
-vi.mock("../runtime-api.js", () => ({
+vi.mock("../runtime-api.js", async () => {
-  DEFAULT_WEBHOOK_MAX_BODY_BYTES: 1024 * 1024,
+  const { normalizeOptionalString } = await import("openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime");
-  isDangerousNameMatchingEnabled,
+  return {
-  normalizeSecretInputString: (value: unknown) =>
+    DEFAULT_WEBHOOK_MAX_BODY_BYTES: 1024 * 1024,
-    typeof value === "string" && value.trim() ? value.trim() : undefined,
+    isDangerousNameMatchingEnabled,
-  hasConfiguredSecretInput: (value: unknown) =>
+    normalizeSecretInputString: normalizeOptionalString,
-    typeof value === "string" && value.trim().length > 0,
+    hasConfiguredSecretInput: (value: unknown) =>
-  normalizeResolvedSecretInputString: (params: { value?: unknown }) =>
+      typeof value === "string" && value.trim().length > 0,
-    typeof params?.value === "string" && params.value.trim() ? params.value.trim() : undefined,
+    normalizeResolvedSecretInputString: (params: { value?: unknown }) =>
-  keepHttpServerTaskAlive: keepHttpServerTaskAliveMock,
+      typeof params?.value === "string" && params.value.trim() ? params.value.trim() : undefined,
-  mergeAllowlist: (params: { existing?: string[]; additions: string[] }) =>
+    keepHttpServerTaskAlive: keepHttpServerTaskAliveMock,
-    Array.from(new Set([...(params.existing ?? []), ...params.additions])),
+    mergeAllowlist: (params: { existing?: string[]; additions: string[] }) =>
-  summarizeMapping: vi.fn(),
+      Array.from(new Set([...(params.existing ?? []), ...params.additions])),
-}));
+    summarizeMapping: vi.fn(),
+  };
+});
 
 vi.mock("express", () => ({
   default: () => {

extensions/msteams/src/qa/bot-framework-server.ts

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { randomUUID } from "node:crypto";
 import { once } from "node:events";
 import { createServer, type IncomingMessage, type ServerResponse } from "node:http";
 import type { AddressInfo } from "node:net";
+import { coerceErrorMessage } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/error-runtime";
 
 type MSTeamsQaOutboundActivity = {
   activity: Record<string, unknown>;
@@ -74,7 +75,7 @@ export async function startMSTeamsQaBotFrameworkServer(options: ServerOptions) {
       sendJson(response, 200, { id: activityId });
     })().catch((error: unknown) => {
       sendJson(response, 500, {
-        error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error),
+        error: coerceErrorMessage(error),
       });
     });
   });

extensions/msteams/src/sdk.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 // Msteams plugin module implements sdk behavior.
+import { coerceErrorMessage } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/error-runtime";
 import { createLazyRuntimeModule } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/lazy-runtime";
 import { readSecretFile } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/secret-file";
 import { normalizeBotFrameworkServiceUrl } from "./bot-framework-service-url.js";
@@ -333,7 +334,7 @@ async function createFederatedApp(
   try {
     privateKey = await readSecretFile(creds.certificatePath, "Microsoft Teams certificate");
   } catch (err: unknown) {
-    const msg = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+    const msg = coerceErrorMessage(err);
     throw new Error(`Failed to read certificate file at '${creds.certificatePath}': ${msg}`, {
       cause: err,
     });

extensions/msteams/src/token.test.ts

@@ -26,13 +26,15 @@ vi.mock("./oauth.token.js", () => ({
   refreshMSTeamsDelegatedTokens: oauthTokenMocks.refreshMSTeamsDelegatedTokens,
 }));
 
-vi.mock("./secret-input.js", () => ({
+vi.mock("./secret-input.js", async () => {
-  normalizeSecretInputString: (v: unknown) =>
+  const { normalizeOptionalString } = await import("openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime");
-    typeof v === "string" && v.trim() ? v.trim() : undefined,
+  return {
-  normalizeResolvedSecretInputString: (opts: { value: unknown; path: string }) =>
+    normalizeSecretInputString: normalizeOptionalString,
-    typeof opts.value === "string" && opts.value.trim() ? opts.value.trim() : undefined,
+    normalizeResolvedSecretInputString: (opts: { value: unknown; path: string }) =>
-  hasConfiguredSecretInput: (v: unknown) => typeof v === "string" && v.trim().length > 0,
+      typeof opts.value === "string" && opts.value.trim() ? opts.value.trim() : undefined,
-}));
+    hasConfiguredSecretInput: (v: unknown) => typeof v === "string" && v.trim().length > 0,
+  };
+});
 
 const ENV_KEYS = [
   "MSTEAMS_APP_ID",

extensions/nostr/doctor-contract-api.ts

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import {
   archiveLegacyStateSource,
   type PluginDoctorStateMigration,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/runtime-doctor-migrations";
+import { asFiniteNumber } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import { normalizeNostrStateAccountId } from "./src/state-account-id.js";
 
 type NostrBusState = {
@@ -26,10 +27,6 @@ const BUS_STATE_NAMESPACE = "bus-state";
 const PROFILE_STATE_NAMESPACE = "profile-state";
 const MAX_NOSTR_STATE_ENTRIES = 256;
 
-function finiteNumberOrNull(value: unknown): number | null {
-  return typeof value === "number" && Number.isFinite(value) ? value : null;
-}
-
 function parseBusState(value: unknown): NostrBusState | null {
   if (!value || typeof value !== "object" || Array.isArray(value)) {
     return null;
@@ -40,8 +37,8 @@ function parseBusState(value: unknown): NostrBusState | null {
   }
   return {
     version: 2,
-    lastProcessedAt: finiteNumberOrNull(parsed.lastProcessedAt),
+    lastProcessedAt: asFiniteNumber(parsed.lastProcessedAt) ?? null,
-    gatewayStartedAt: finiteNumberOrNull(parsed.gatewayStartedAt),
+    gatewayStartedAt: asFiniteNumber(parsed.gatewayStartedAt) ?? null,
     recentEventIds:
       parsed.version === 2 && Array.isArray(parsed.recentEventIds)
         ? parsed.recentEventIds.filter((entry): entry is string => typeof entry === "string")
@@ -68,7 +65,7 @@ function parseProfileState(value: unknown): NostrProfileState | null {
   }
   return {
     version: 1,
-    lastPublishedAt: finiteNumberOrNull(parsed.lastPublishedAt),
+    lastPublishedAt: asFiniteNumber(parsed.lastPublishedAt) ?? null,
     lastPublishedEventId:
       typeof parsed.lastPublishedEventId === "string" ? parsed.lastPublishedEventId : null,
     lastPublishResults:

extensions/ollama/src/embedding-provider.test.ts

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { coerceErrorMessage } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/error-runtime";
 // Ollama tests cover embedding provider plugin behavior.
 import type { OpenClawConfig } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/provider-auth";
 import { afterEach, beforeAll, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
@@ -14,7 +15,7 @@ const { fetchConfiguredLocalOriginWithSsrFGuardMock } = vi.hoisted(() => ({
 
 vi.mock("openclaw/plugin-sdk/ssrf-runtime", () => ({
   fetchWithSsrFGuard: vi.fn(),
-  formatErrorMessage: (error: unknown) => (error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)),
+  formatErrorMessage: coerceErrorMessage,
   ssrfPolicyFromHttpBaseUrlAllowedOrigin: (baseUrl: string) => {
     const parsed = new URL(baseUrl);
     return { allowedOrigins: [parsed.origin] };

extensions/ollama/src/node-inference.ts

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ import {
   readResponseTextLimited,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/provider-http";
 import { fetchWithSsrFGuard } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/ssrf-runtime";
-import { asNullableRecord } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
+import { asFiniteNumber, asNullableRecord } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import { OLLAMA_DEFAULT_BASE_URL } from "./defaults.js";
 import {
   DEFAULT_INFERENCE_TIMEOUT_MS,
@@ -101,10 +101,6 @@ function durationMs(value: unknown): number | undefined {
   return Math.round((value / 1_000_000) * 100) / 100;
 }
 
-function optionalNumber(value: unknown): number | undefined {
-  return typeof value === "number" && Number.isFinite(value) ? value : undefined;
-}
-
 async function requestOllamaJson<T>(params: {
   baseUrl: string;
   path: string;
@@ -300,8 +296,8 @@ async function runOllamaNodeChat(params: {
       `Ollama stopped after reaching maxTokens (${params.maxTokens}); retry with a larger maxTokens value`,
     );
   }
-  const promptTokens = optionalNumber(data.prompt_eval_count);
+  const promptTokens = asFiniteNumber(data.prompt_eval_count);
-  const completionTokens = optionalNumber(data.eval_count);
+  const completionTokens = asFiniteNumber(data.eval_count);
   const loadMs = durationMs(data.load_duration);
   const totalMs = durationMs(data.total_duration);
   return {

extensions/ollama/src/stream.runtime.ts

@@ -18,7 +18,11 @@ import { readResponseTextLimited } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/provider-http";
 import { createPlainTextToolCallCompatWrapper } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/provider-stream-shared";
 import { createSubsystemLogger } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/runtime-env";
 import { fetchWithSsrFGuard } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/ssrf-runtime";
-import { isRecord, readStringValue } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
+import {
+  isRecord,
+  normalizeOptionalString,
+  readStringValue,
+} from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import { estimateStringChars, truncateUtf16Safe } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-utility-runtime";
 import { OLLAMA_CLOUD_BASE_URL, OLLAMA_DEFAULT_BASE_URL } from "./defaults.js";
 import { normalizeOllamaWireModelId } from "./model-id.js";
@@ -663,7 +667,7 @@ type OllamaAssistantMessageBuildOptions = OllamaToolCallNameOptions & {
 };
 
 function readOllamaToolCallId(value: unknown): string | undefined {
-  return typeof value === "string" && value.trim().length > 0 ? value.trim() : undefined;
+  return normalizeOptionalString(value);
 }
 
 function extractToolCalls(

extensions/openai/openai.live.test.ts

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import OpenAI from "openai";
 import type { ResolvedTtsConfig } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/agent-runtime";
 import { AuthStorage, ModelRegistry } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/agent-sessions";
 import type { OpenClawConfig } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/config-contracts";
+import { coerceErrorMessage as formatLiveOpenAIError } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/error-runtime";
 import { encodePngRgba, fillPixel } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/media-runtime";
 import {
   registerProviderPlugin,
@@ -81,10 +82,6 @@ function createReferencePng(): Buffer {
   return encodePngRgba(buf, width, height);
 }
 
-function formatLiveOpenAIError(error: unknown): string {
-  return error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error);
-}
-
 function resolveLiveOpenAISkipReason(error: unknown): string | null {
   const message = formatLiveOpenAIError(error);
   if (isTimeoutErrorMessage(message) || /timed out|operation was aborted/i.test(message)) {

extensions/openai/provider-policy-api.ts

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import type {
   ProviderResponseModelEquivalenceContext,
   ProviderResolveModelRoutesContext,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/provider-model-types";
+import { normalizeOptionalString } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import {
   classifyOpenAIBaseUrl,
   isOpenAICodexBaseUrl,
@@ -44,11 +45,7 @@ type OpenAIResolveSingleModelRouteContext = Omit<
 };
 
 function normalizeOptionalRouteApi(value: ModelApi | null | undefined): ModelApi | undefined {
-  return typeof value === "string" && value.trim() ? (value.trim() as ModelApi) : undefined;
+  return normalizeOptionalString(value) as ModelApi | undefined;
-}
-
-function normalizeOptionalRouteBaseUrl(value: unknown): string | undefined {
-  return typeof value === "string" && value.trim() ? value.trim() : undefined;
 }
 
 /** Canonical logical id for OpenAI catalog projection. */
@@ -138,7 +135,7 @@ function firstRouteBaseUrl(...values: unknown[]): unknown {
 }
 
 function concreteBaseUrl(value: unknown, fallback: string): string {
-  return normalizeOptionalRouteBaseUrl(value) ?? fallback;
+  return normalizeOptionalString(value) ?? fallback;
 }
 
 function resolveOpenAIEnvironmentBaseUrl(

extensions/openai/speech-provider.test.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 // Openai tests cover speech provider plugin behavior.
 import { createServer } from "node:http";
+import { isRecord } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
 import { buildOpenAISpeechProvider } from "./speech-provider.js";
 
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ function isSpeechRequestBody(value: unknown): value is {
   speed?: number;
   response_format?: string;
 } {
-  return Boolean(value) && typeof value === "object" && !Array.isArray(value);
+  return isRecord(value);
 }
 
 function parseRequestBody(init: RequestInit | undefined): {

extensions/policy/src/doctor/automatic-repairs.ts

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import type {
   HealthRepairResult,
   OpenClawConfig,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/health";
+import { uniqueStrings } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import { CHECK_IDS, type POLICY_CHECK_IDS } from "./check-ids.js";
 import { POLICY_FIX_METADATA_BY_CHECK_ID } from "./fix-metadata.js";
 
@@ -447,7 +448,3 @@ function ensureRecord(parent: ConfigRecord, key: string): ConfigRecord {
   parent[key] = next;
   return next;
 }
-
-function uniqueStrings(values: readonly string[]): readonly string[] {
-  return [...new Set(values)];
-}

extensions/policy/src/doctor/review-required-repairs.ts

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import type {
   HealthRepairEffect,
   HealthRepairResult,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/health";
+import { uniqueStrings } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import { CHECK_IDS, type POLICY_CHECK_IDS } from "./check-ids.js";
 import { POLICY_FIX_METADATA_BY_CHECK_ID } from "./fix-metadata.js";
 
@@ -121,10 +122,6 @@ function previewGatewayNodeDenyCommand(
   ];
 }
 
-function uniqueStrings(values: readonly string[]): readonly string[] {
-  return [...new Set(values)];
-}
-
 function uniqueEffects(values: readonly HealthRepairEffect[]): readonly HealthRepairEffect[] {
   const seen = new Set<string>();
   return values.filter((value) => {

extensions/qa-lab/src/cli.runtime.ts

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import {
 } from "@openclaw/crabline";
 import { formatErrorMessage } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/error-runtime";
 import { parseStrictPositiveInteger } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/number-runtime";
-import { uniqueStrings } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
+import { parseBooleanValue, uniqueStrings } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import {
   buildQaAgenticParityComparison,
   buildQaRuntimeParityReport,
@@ -238,20 +238,11 @@ function parseQaModelThinkingOverrides(entries: readonly string[] | undefined) {
 }
 
 function parseQaBooleanModelOption(label: string, value: string) {
-  switch (value.trim().toLowerCase()) {
+  const parsed = parseBooleanValue(value);
-    case "1":
+  if (parsed === undefined) {
-    case "on":
+    throw new Error(`${label} fast must be one of true, false, on, off, yes, no, 1, 0`);
-    case "true":
-    case "yes":
-      return true;
-    case "0":
-    case "false":
-    case "no":
-    case "off":
-      return false;
-    default:
-      throw new Error(`${label} fast must be one of true, false, on, off, yes, no, 1, 0`);
   }
+  return parsed;
 }
 
 function parseQaPositiveIntegerOption(label: string, value: number | undefined) {

extensions/qa-lab/src/coverage-report.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 // Qa Lab plugin module implements coverage report behavior.
-import { normalizeStringEntriesLower } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
+import {
+  normalizeOptionalString as stringifyConfigValue,
+  normalizeStringEntriesLower,
+} from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import type { QaSeedScenarioWithSource } from "./scenario-catalog.js";
 import {
   readQaScorecardTaxonomyReport,
@@ -134,10 +137,6 @@ function scenarioSearchText(scenario: QaSeedScenarioWithSource) {
   );
 }
 
-function stringifyConfigValue(value: unknown) {
-  return typeof value === "string" && value.trim() ? value.trim() : undefined;
-}
-
 function summarizeScenarioSearchMatch(scenario: QaSeedScenarioWithSource): QaScenarioSearchMatch {
   const config = scenario.execution.config ?? {};
   return {

extensions/qa-lab/src/live-transports/matrix/substrate/config.ts

@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ function resolveMatrixQaStreamingMode(
 function isMatrixQaStreamingConfig(
   value: MatrixQaConfigOverrides["streaming"],
 ): value is MatrixQaStreamingConfig {
-  return Boolean(value && typeof value === "object" && !Array.isArray(value));
+  return isRecord(value);
 }
 
 function resolveMatrixQaStreamingPreviewToolProgress(

extensions/qa-lab/src/live-transports/slack/slack-live.config.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // QA Lab Slack credentials, instrumentation, and channel config.
 import type { WebClient } from "@slack/web-api";
 import type { OpenClawConfig } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/config-contracts";
-import { uniqueStrings } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
+import { asNonArrayRecord, uniqueStrings } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import {
   type SlackQaRuntimeEnv,
   type SlackQaConfigOverrides,
@@ -52,9 +52,7 @@ export function parseSlackQaCredentialPayload(payload: unknown): SlackQaRuntimeE
 }
 
 export function asPlainRecord(value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> {
-  return value && typeof value === "object" && !Array.isArray(value)
+  return asNonArrayRecord(value);
-    ? (value as Record<string, unknown>)
-    : {};
 }
 
 type SlackQaPostMessageAttempt = {

extensions/qa-lab/src/scenario-catalog-memory-ranking-proof.test.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import path from "node:path";
+import { normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import { describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
 import { createQaBusState } from "./bus-state.js";
 import { runLoadedScenarioFlow } from "./scenario-flow-runner.test-support.js";
@@ -168,8 +169,7 @@ async function runSessionMemoryRankingFlow(params: {
       seedQaSessionTranscript: async () => undefined,
       forceMemoryIndex,
       runAgentPrompt,
-      normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty: (value: unknown) =>
+      normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty,
-        typeof value === "string" ? value.trim().toLowerCase() : "",
       fetchJson,
     },
   });

extensions/qa-lab/src/scenario-catalog-memory-recall-proof.test.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import path from "node:path";
+import { normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import { describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
 import { createQaBusState } from "./bus-state.js";
 import { runLoadedScenarioFlow } from "./scenario-flow-runner.test-support.js";
@@ -19,8 +20,7 @@ async function runMemoryRecallScenario(recallReply?: string) {
       fs: { rm: async () => undefined },
       path,
       formatMemoryDreamingDay: () => "2026-08-05",
-      normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty: (value: unknown) =>
+      normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty,
-        typeof value === "string" ? value.trim().toLowerCase() : "",
       runAgentPrompt: async (_env: unknown, params: { message: string }) => {
         turnCount += 1;
         state.addInboundMessage({

extensions/qa-lab/src/scenario-catalog-model-switch-follow-up-proof.test.ts

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import { describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
 import { createQaBusState } from "./bus-state.js";
 import { runLoadedScenarioFlow } from "./scenario-flow-runner.test-support.js";
@@ -118,8 +119,7 @@ async function runFollowUp(params?: {
       runAgentPrompt,
       splitModelRef,
       normalizeModelRef,
-      normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty: (value: unknown) =>
+      normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty,
-        typeof value === "string" ? value.trim().toLowerCase() : "",
       resolveQaLiveTurnTimeoutMs: (_env: unknown, timeoutMs: number) => timeoutMs,
     },
   });

extensions/qa-lab/src/scenario-catalog-model-switch-tool-continuity-proof.test.ts

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import { describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
 import { createQaBusState } from "./bus-state.js";
 import { hasModelSwitchContinuitySignal } from "./model-switch-eval.js";
@@ -103,8 +104,7 @@ async function runToolContinuity(
       },
       splitModelRef,
       normalizeModelRef,
-      normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty: (value: unknown) =>
+      normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty,
-        typeof value === "string" ? value.trim().toLowerCase() : "",
       resolveQaLiveTurnTimeoutMs: (_env: unknown, timeoutMs: number) => timeoutMs,
       hasModelSwitchContinuitySignal,
       runAgentPrompt,

extensions/qa-lab/src/scenario-flow-runner-character-safety.test.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { join } from "node:path";
+import { normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import { describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
 import { createQaBusState } from "./bus-state.js";
 import { readQaScenarioById } from "./scenario-catalog.js";
@@ -44,8 +45,7 @@ function createCharacterScenarioApi(
       writeFile: async () => undefined,
     },
     path: { join },
-    normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty: (value: unknown) =>
+    normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty,
-      typeof value === "string" ? value.trim().toLowerCase() : "",
     resolveQaLiveTurnTimeoutMs: () => 10,
     waitForOutboundMessage: async (
       state: ReturnType<typeof createQaBusState>,

extensions/qa-lab/src/scenario-flow-runner.test.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 // Qa Lab tests cover scenario flow runner plugin behavior.
+import { coerceErrorMessage } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/error-runtime";
+import { normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import { describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
 import { createQaBusState } from "./bus-state.js";
 import { QaSuiteScenarioSkipError } from "./errors.js";
@@ -60,10 +62,8 @@ async function runWebchatTranscriptWait(
         }
         throw new Error("test condition was not met");
       },
-      normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty: (value: unknown) =>
+      normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty,
-        typeof value === "string" ? value.trim().toLowerCase() : "",
+      formatErrorMessage: coerceErrorMessage,
-      formatErrorMessage: (error: unknown) =>
-        error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error),
       liveTurnTimeoutMs: (_env: unknown, timeoutMs: number) => timeoutMs,
     },
   });
@@ -284,8 +284,7 @@ function runPlanningEvidenceFixture(
         return summary;
       },
       resolveQaLiveTurnTimeoutMs: (_env: unknown, timeoutMs: number) => timeoutMs,
-      normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty: (value: unknown) =>
+      normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty,
-        typeof value === "string" ? value.trim().toLowerCase() : "",
       runAgentPrompt: async () => ({ started: { runId: "current-run" }, waited: { status: "ok" } }),
     },
   });
@@ -397,8 +396,7 @@ describe("scenario-flow-runner", () => {
             throw new Error("goal artifact has not been written");
           },
         },
-        normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty: (value: unknown) =>
+        normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty,
-          typeof value === "string" ? value.trim().toLowerCase() : "",
       },
       onWaitForOutboundMessage: ({ waitCount, state: currentState }) => {
         const currentInbound = currentState
@@ -562,8 +560,7 @@ describe("scenario-flow-runner", () => {
       runLoadedScenarioFlow(id, {
         state,
         api: {
-          normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty: (value: unknown) =>
+          normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty,
-            typeof value === "string" ? value.trim().toLowerCase() : "",
           runAgentPrompt: async () => {
             turnCount += 1;
             state.addOutboundMessage({

extensions/qa-lab/src/suite-summary.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Qa Lab plugin module implements suite summary behavior.
 import fs from "node:fs/promises";
 import { formatErrorMessage } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/error-runtime";
-import { isRecord } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
+import { asSafeIntegerInRange, isRecord } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import { QaSuiteArtifactError } from "./errors.js";
 import type { QaEvidenceSummaryJson, QaEvidenceTiming } from "./evidence-summary.js";
 import type { QaProviderMode } from "./model-selection.js";
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ async function readQaSuiteSummaryFile(summaryPath: string): Promise<unknown> {
 }
 
 function readNonNegativeCount(value: unknown): number | null {
-  return typeof value === "number" && Number.isSafeInteger(value) && value >= 0 ? value : null;
+  return asSafeIntegerInRange(value, { min: 0 }) ?? null;
 }
 
 function assertQaSuiteSummaryHasExecutedScenarios(

extensions/qwen/stream.ts

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import {
   normalizeOpenAICompatibleReasoningReplay,
   setQwenChatTemplateThinking,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/provider-stream-shared";
+import { asOptionalRecord as asPayloadRecord } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import {
   isQwenTokenPlanDeepSeekV4ModelId,
   isQwenTokenPlanGlmModelId,
@@ -26,12 +27,6 @@ type QwenTokenPlanThinkingContract =
   | { family: "kimi" }
   | { family: "glm"; supportsMax: boolean };
 
-function asPayloadRecord(value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> | undefined {
-  return value && typeof value === "object" && !Array.isArray(value)
-    ? (value as Record<string, unknown>)
-    : undefined;
-}
-
 function resolveQwenThinkingLevel(
   thinkingLevel: QwenThinkingLevel,
   options: Parameters<StreamFn>[2],

extensions/signal/src/signal-ingress.ts

@@ -7,8 +7,11 @@ import {
   type ChannelIngressMonitorLifecycle,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/channel-outbound";
 import type { RuntimeEnv } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/runtime-env";
-import { isRecord } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
+import {
-import { normalizeNullableString as normalizeRawString } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
+  asPositiveSafeInteger,
+  isRecord,
+  normalizeNullableString as normalizeRawString,
+} from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import type { SignalSseEvent } from "./client-adapter.js";
 import { getOptionalSignalRuntime } from "./runtime.js";
 
@@ -52,7 +55,7 @@ const SignalIngressPermanentError = createChannelIngressError<
 >("SignalIngressPermanentError", { withReason: true });
 
 function normalizeTimestamp(value: unknown): number | null {
-  return typeof value === "number" && Number.isSafeInteger(value) && value > 0 ? value : null;
+  return asPositiveSafeInteger(value) ?? null;
 }
 
 function parseReceiveEnvelope(event: SignalSseEvent): SignalIngressEnvelope | null {

extensions/slack/src/accounts.ts

@@ -12,7 +12,10 @@ import {
   type ChannelDmPolicy,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/channel-config-helpers";
 import { resolveAccountEntry } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/routing";
-import { normalizeOptionalString } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
+import {
+  asOptionalRecord,
+  normalizeOptionalString,
+} from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import type { SlackAccountSurfaceFields } from "./account-surface-fields.js";
 import type { SlackAccountConfig } from "./runtime-api.js";
 import { resolveSlackAppToken, resolveSlackBotToken, resolveSlackUserToken } from "./token.js";
@@ -123,9 +126,7 @@ type SlackStreamingConfig = NonNullable<SlackAccountConfig["streaming"]>;
 type SlackStreamingConfigValue = SlackStreamingConfig | boolean | string;
 
 function asStreamingConfigObject(value: unknown): SlackStreamingConfig | undefined {
-  return value && typeof value === "object" && !Array.isArray(value)
+  return asOptionalRecord(value) as SlackStreamingConfig | undefined;
-    ? (value as SlackStreamingConfig)
-    : undefined;
 }
 
 function asLegacyStreamingScalar(value: unknown): boolean | string | undefined {

extensions/slack/src/monitor/events/interactions.block-actions.ts

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import {
   timestampMsToIsoString,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/number-runtime";
 import {
+  asOptionalRecord,
   normalizeOptionalString,
   normalizeUniqueTrimmedStringList,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
@@ -189,13 +190,6 @@ function summarizeRichTextPreview(value: unknown): string | undefined {
   return joined.length <= max ? joined : truncateSlackText(joined, max);
 }
 
-function readInteractionAction(raw: unknown) {
-  if (!raw || typeof raw !== "object" || Array.isArray(raw)) {
-    return undefined;
-  }
-  return raw as Record<string, unknown>;
-}
-
 export function summarizeAction(action: Record<string, unknown>): SlackActionSummary {
   const typed = action as {
     type?: string;
@@ -431,7 +425,7 @@ function parseSlackBlockAction(params: {
   log?: (message: string) => void;
 }): ParsedSlackBlockAction | null {
   const typedBody = params.body as SlackBlockActionBody;
-  const typedAction = readInteractionAction(params.action);
+  const typedAction = asOptionalRecord(params.action);
   if (!typedAction) {
     params.log?.(
       `slack:interaction malformed action payload channel=${typedBody.channel?.id ?? typedBody.container?.channel_id ?? "unknown"} user=${

extensions/slack/src/monitor/message-handler/dispatch.preview-fallback.test.ts

@@ -871,13 +871,14 @@ vi.mock("openclaw/plugin-sdk/security-runtime", () => ({
   resolvePinnedMainDmOwnerFromAllowlist: () => mockedPinnedMainDmOwner,
 }));
 
-vi.mock("openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime", () => {
+vi.mock("openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime", async (importOriginal) => {
-  const isMockRecord = (value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> =>
+  const { asOptionalRecord, isRecord } =
-    typeof value === "object" && value !== null && !Array.isArray(value);
+    await importOriginal<typeof import("openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime")>();
   const normalizeMockLowercaseString = (value?: string) => value?.toLowerCase();
   const readMockOptionalString = (value?: string) => value;
   return {
-    isRecord: isMockRecord,
+    asOptionalRecord,
+    isRecord,
     normalizeOptionalLowercaseString: normalizeMockLowercaseString,
     normalizeOptionalString: readMockOptionalString,
   };

extensions/synology-chat/src/client.test.ts

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 import { EventEmitter } from "node:events";
 import type { ClientRequest, IncomingMessage, RequestOptions } from "node:http";
 import { PassThrough } from "node:stream";
+import { coerceErrorMessage } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/error-runtime";
 import { describe, it, expect, vi, beforeAll, beforeEach, afterEach } from "vitest";
 
 const ssrfMocks = {
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ vi.mock("node:http", async () => {
 });
 
 vi.mock("openclaw/plugin-sdk/ssrf-runtime", () => ({
-  formatErrorMessage: (err: unknown) => (err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)),
+  formatErrorMessage: coerceErrorMessage,
   resolvePinnedHostnameWithPolicy: ssrfMocks.resolvePinnedHostnameWithPolicy,
 }));
 

extensions/teams-meetings/index.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { MeetingPlatformAdapter } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/meeting-runtime";
 import { normalizeAgentId } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/routing";
+import { normalizeOptionalString } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import { Type } from "typebox";
 import { teamsMeetingsConfig } from "./src/config.js";
 import { TeamsMeetingsInvalidRequestError, teamsMeetingsInvalidRequest } from "./src/errors.js";
@@ -26,8 +27,7 @@ export default MeetingPlatformAdapter.createPluginShellEntry({
     message: Type.Optional(Type.String({ description: "Instructions to speak" })),
   }),
   resolveGatewayTimeoutMs: teamsMeetingsConfig.resolveGatewayOperationTimeoutMs,
-  normalizeRequesterSessionKey: (value) =>
+  normalizeRequesterSessionKey: normalizeOptionalString,
-    typeof value === "string" && value.trim() ? value.trim() : undefined,
   normalizeToolAgentId: (agentId) => (agentId ? normalizeAgentId(agentId) : undefined),
   resolveToolRuntime: async (api, agentId) => {
     const trustedRouting = Boolean(agentId && agentId !== "main");

extensions/telegram/src/audit.test.ts

@@ -11,19 +11,14 @@ vi.mock("openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-utility-runtime", () => ({
   fetchWithTimeout: fetchWithTimeoutMock,
 }));
 
-vi.mock("openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime", () => {
+vi.mock("openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime", async (importOriginal) => {
+  const { normalizeOptionalString } =
+    await importOriginal<typeof import("openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime")>();
   const isMockRecord = (value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> =>
     typeof value === "object" && value !== null;
-  const normalizeMockOptionalString = (value: unknown) => {
-    if (typeof value !== "string") {
-      return undefined;
-    }
-    const trimmed = value.trim();
-    return trimmed ? trimmed : undefined;
-  };
   return {
     isRecord: isMockRecord,
-    normalizeOptionalString: normalizeMockOptionalString,
+    normalizeOptionalString,
   };
 });
 

extensions/telegram/src/bot-handlers.callback-router-controls.ts

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import {
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/conversation-runtime";
 import { isApprovalNotFoundError } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/error-runtime";
 import { logVerbose, sleepWithAbort } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/runtime-env";
+import { normalizeOptionalString } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import type { TelegramApprovalCallback } from "./approval-callback-data.js";
 import {
   buildTelegramCanonicalApprovalTerminalText,
@@ -420,11 +421,7 @@ const updateMultiSelectKeyboard = (
   );
 
 const resolvePluginCallbackSubmitText = (submitText: unknown): string | undefined => {
-  if (typeof submitText !== "string") {
+  return normalizeOptionalString(submitText);
-    return undefined;
-  }
-  const trimmed = submitText.trim();
-  return trimmed ? trimmed : undefined;
 };
 
 const isReplySessionInitConflictError = (err: unknown): boolean =>

extensions/telegram/src/bot-handlers.message-context.ts

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import {
   resolveAmbientTranscriptWatermarkKey,
   type SessionEntry,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/session-store-runtime";
+import { asFiniteNumber } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import { stripInlineDirectiveTagsForDelivery } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-chunking";
 import { resolveDefaultModelForAgent } from "./bot-handlers.agent.runtime.js";
 import type { RegisterTelegramHandlerParams } from "./bot-handlers.types.js";
@@ -98,7 +99,7 @@ export type ResolvePromptContextAmbientWatermarkParams = {
 };
 
 export const normalizePromptContextMinTimestampMs = (timestampMs?: number) =>
-  typeof timestampMs === "number" && Number.isFinite(timestampMs) ? timestampMs : undefined;
+  asFiniteNumber(timestampMs);
 
 export function promptContextBoundaryOptions(
   timestampMs?: number,

extensions/telegram/src/bot.create-telegram-bot.media-group-skip-warning.test.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 // Telegram tests cover bot.create telegram bot.media group skip warning plugin behavior.
 import { setTimeout as delay } from "node:timers/promises";
+import { coerceErrorMessage } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/error-runtime";
 import { beforeAll, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
 import { telegramBotInfoForTest } from "./bot.create-telegram-bot.test-support.js";
 
@@ -21,7 +22,7 @@ vi.mock("./bot/delivery.resolve-media.runtime.js", async () => {
   );
   return {
     readRemoteMediaBuffer: (...args: unknown[]) => readRemoteMediaBuffer(...args),
-    formatErrorMessage: (err: unknown) => (err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)),
+    formatErrorMessage: coerceErrorMessage,
     logVerbose: () => {},
     MediaFetchError: actual.MediaFetchError,
     resolveTelegramApiBase: (apiRoot?: string) =>

extensions/telegram/src/bot/delivery.resolve-media-local.test.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { GrammyError } from "grammy";
 import type { Message } from "grammy/types";
+import { coerceErrorMessage } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/error-runtime";
 import { sleepWithAbort } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/runtime-env";
 // Telegram tests cover delivery.resolve media retry plugin behavior.
 import { createRequireRecord } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/test-fixtures";
@@ -56,7 +57,7 @@ vi.mock("./delivery.resolve-media.runtime.js", () => {
   }
   return {
     readRemoteMediaBuffer: (...args: unknown[]) => readRemoteMediaBuffer(...args),
-    formatErrorMessage: (err: unknown) => (err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)),
+    formatErrorMessage: coerceErrorMessage,
     logVerbose: () => {},
     MediaFetchError,
     resolveTelegramApiBase: (apiRoot?: string) =>

extensions/telegram/src/bot/delivery.resolve-media-retry.test.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import type { Message } from "grammy/types";
+import { coerceErrorMessage } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/error-runtime";
 import { sleepWithAbort } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/runtime-env";
 // Telegram tests cover delivery.resolve media retry plugin behavior.
 import { createRequireRecord } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/test-fixtures";
@@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ vi.mock("./delivery.resolve-media.runtime.js", () => {
   }
   return {
     readRemoteMediaBuffer: (...args: unknown[]) => readRemoteMediaBuffer(...args),
-    formatErrorMessage: (err: unknown) => (err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)),
+    formatErrorMessage: coerceErrorMessage,
     logVerbose: () => {},
     MediaFetchError,
     resolveTelegramApiBase: (apiRoot?: string) =>

extensions/telegram/src/network-config.test.ts

@@ -2,9 +2,8 @@
 import type { TelegramNetworkConfig } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/config-contracts";
 import { afterEach, beforeAll, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
 
-vi.mock("openclaw/plugin-sdk/runtime-env", () => ({
+vi.mock("openclaw/plugin-sdk/runtime-env", async (importOriginal) => ({
-  isTruthyEnvValue: (value: string | undefined) =>
+  ...(await importOriginal<typeof import("openclaw/plugin-sdk/runtime-env")>()),
-    typeof value === "string" && /^(1|true|yes|on)$/i.test(value.trim()),
   isWSL2Sync: vi.fn(() => false),
 }));
 

extensions/telegram/src/reply-parameters.ts

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 import { GrammyError } from "grammy";
 import type { MessageEntity } from "grammy/types";
 import { formatErrorMessage } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/ssrf-runtime";
+import { asFiniteNumber } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import { buildTelegramThreadParams, type TelegramThreadSpec } from "./bot/helpers.js";
 import { normalizeTelegramReplyToMessageId } from "./outbound-params.js";
 
@@ -118,7 +119,7 @@ export function getTelegramNativeQuoteReplyMessageId(
     return undefined;
   }
   const messageId = (replyParameters as { message_id?: unknown }).message_id;
-  return typeof messageId === "number" && Number.isFinite(messageId) ? messageId : undefined;
+  return asFiniteNumber(messageId);
 }
 
 export function isTelegramQuoteParamError(err: unknown): boolean {

extensions/telegram/src/status-issues.ts

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import {
   resolveEnabledConfiguredAccountId,
   type AccountStatusSnapshot,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/status-helpers";
-import { normalizeOptionalString } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
+import { asFiniteNumber, normalizeOptionalString } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 
 const TELEGRAM_POLLING_CONNECT_GRACE_MS = 120_000;
 const TELEGRAM_POLLING_STALE_TRANSPORT_MS = 30 * 60_000;
@@ -41,10 +41,6 @@ type TelegramGroupMembershipAuditSummary = {
   }>;
 };
 
-function asFiniteNumberOrNull(value: unknown): number | null {
-  return typeof value === "number" && Number.isFinite(value) ? value : null;
-}
-
 function appendTelegramRuntimeError(message: string, lastError: unknown): string {
   const error = normalizeOptionalString(lastError);
   return error ? `${message}: ${error}` : message;
@@ -69,8 +65,8 @@ function collectTelegramPollingRuntimeIssues(params: {
     return;
   }
 
-  const lastStartAt = asFiniteNumberOrNull(account.lastStartAt);
+  const lastStartAt = asFiniteNumber(account.lastStartAt) ?? null;
-  const lastTransportActivityAt = asFiniteNumberOrNull(account.lastTransportActivityAt);
+  const lastTransportActivityAt = asFiniteNumber(account.lastTransportActivityAt) ?? null;
   const fix = `Run: ${formatCliCommand("openclaw channels status --probe")} (or restart the gateway). Check the bot token, proxy/network settings, and logs if it persists.`;
 
   if (account.connected === false) {
@@ -129,7 +125,7 @@ function collectTelegramWebhookRuntimeIssues(params: {
     return;
   }
 
-  const lastStartAt = asFiniteNumberOrNull(account.lastStartAt);
+  const lastStartAt = asFiniteNumber(account.lastStartAt) ?? null;
   const withinStartupGrace =
     lastStartAt != null && now - lastStartAt < TELEGRAM_WEBHOOK_CONNECT_GRACE_MS;
   if (withinStartupGrace) {

extensions/telegram/src/update-offset-persistence.ts

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import {
   sleepWithAbort,
   type BackoffPolicy,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/runtime-env";
+import { asSafeIntegerInRange } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 
 const OFFSET_PERSIST_RETRY_POLICY: BackoffPolicy = {
   initialMs: 250,
@@ -21,10 +22,7 @@ type TelegramUpdateOffsetPersistenceOptions = {
 };
 
 export function normalizeTelegramUpdateId(value: number | null): number | null {
-  if (value === null || !Number.isSafeInteger(value) || value < 0) {
+  return asSafeIntegerInRange(value, { min: 0 }) ?? null;
-    return null;
-  }
-  return value;
 }
 
 export function createTelegramUpdateOffsetPersistence(

extensions/tlon/src/monitor/discovery.ts

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 // Tlon plugin module implements discovery behavior.
+import { formatErrorMessage } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/error-runtime";
 import type { RuntimeEnv } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/runtime";
 import { asNullableRecord as asRecord } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
 import type { Foreigns } from "../urbit/foreigns.js";
-import { formatErrorMessage } from "./utils.js";
 
 interface InitData {
   channels: string[];

extensions/tlon/src/monitor/history.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 // Tlon plugin module implements history behavior.
+import { formatErrorMessage } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/error-runtime";
 import type { RuntimeEnv } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/runtime";
 import { asNullableRecord as asRecord } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
-import { extractMessageText, formatErrorMessage } from "./utils.js";
+import { extractMessageText } from "./utils.js";
 
 /**
  * Format a number as @ud (with dots every 3 digits from the right)

extensions/tlon/src/monitor/index.ts

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import {
   bindIngressLifecycleToReplyOptions,
   waitUntilAbort,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/channel-outbound";
+import { formatErrorMessage } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/error-runtime";
 import type { GetReplyOptions, ReplyPayload } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/reply-runtime";
 import type { RuntimeEnv } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/runtime";
 import { sleepWithAbort } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/runtime-env";
@@ -44,7 +45,6 @@ import {
   shouldMigrateTlonSetting,
 } from "./settings-helpers.js";
 import { createActiveSnapshotTracker, createParticipatedThreadTracker } from "./tracking.js";
-import { formatErrorMessage } from "./utils.js";
 import {
   extractMessageText,
   formatModelName,

extensions/tlon/src/monitor/utils.ts

@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ import {
   type StableChannelIngressIdentityParams,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/channel-ingress-runtime";
 import type { OpenClawConfig } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/config-contracts";
-import { formatErrorMessage as sharedFormatErrorMessage } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/error-runtime";
 // Tlon helper module supports utils behavior.
 import { expectDefined } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/expect-runtime";
 import { asNullableRecord, readStringField } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
@@ -243,8 +242,6 @@ export async function resolveAuthorizedMessageText(params: {
   return citedContent + rawText;
 }
 
-export const formatErrorMessage = sharedFormatErrorMessage;
-
 // Helper to recursively extract text from inline content
 function renderInlineItem(
   item: unknown,

extensions/together/together.live.test.ts

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 // Together tests cover together plugin behavior.
 import { completeSimple, type Model } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/llm";
+import { isTruthyEnvValue } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/runtime-env";
 import { describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
 import { TOGETHER_BASE_URL, TOGETHER_MODEL_CATALOG } from "./models.js";
 
 const TOGETHER_KEY = process.env.TOGETHER_API_KEY ?? "";
-const LIVE = ["LIVE", "OPENCLAW_LIVE_TEST", "TOGETHER_LIVE_TEST"].some((name) => {
+const LIVE = ["LIVE", "OPENCLAW_LIVE_TEST", "TOGETHER_LIVE_TEST"].some((name) =>
-  const value = process.env[name]?.trim().toLowerCase();
+  isTruthyEnvValue(process.env[name]),
-  return value === "1" || value === "true" || value === "yes" || value === "on";
+);
-});
 const TOGETHER_LIVE_TIMEOUT_MS = 45_000;
 
 const describeLive = LIVE && TOGETHER_KEY ? describe : describe.skip;

extensions/whatsapp/src/monitor-inbox.test-harness.ts

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { EventEmitter } from "node:events";
 import fsSync from "node:fs";
 import os from "node:os";
 import path from "node:path";
+import { coerceErrorMessage } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/error-runtime";
 import { createChannelIngressQueueForTests } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/plugin-state-test-runtime";
 import { resetLogger, setLoggerOverride } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/runtime-env";
 import { afterEach, beforeEach, expect, vi } from "vitest";
@@ -238,7 +239,7 @@ vi.mock("./session.js", async () => {
     }),
     waitForWaConnection: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined),
     getStatusCode: vi.fn(() => 500),
-    formatError: (err: unknown) => (err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)),
+    formatError: coerceErrorMessage,
   };
 });
 

extensions/whatsapp/src/qa-driver.runtime.test.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 // Whatsapp tests cover qa driver plugin behavior.
 import { EventEmitter } from "node:events";
 import type { proto, WAMessage } from "baileys";
+import { coerceErrorMessage } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/error-runtime";
 import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
 import { startWhatsAppQaDriverSession, type WhatsAppQaDriverSession } from "./qa-driver.runtime.js";
 import { DEFAULT_WHATSAPP_SOCKET_TIMING } from "./socket-timing.js";
@@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ const mocks = vi.hoisted(() => ({
 
 vi.mock("./session.js", () => ({
   createWaSocket: mocks.createWaSocket,
-  formatError: (error: unknown) => (error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)),
+  formatError: coerceErrorMessage,
   getStatusCode: (error: unknown) =>
     (error as { output?: { statusCode?: number } } | undefined)?.output?.statusCode,
   waitForWaConnection: mocks.waitForWaConnection,

packages/acp-core/src/meta.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 // ACP Core module implements meta behavior.
+import { asFiniteNumber, asSafeIntegerInRange } from "@openclaw/normalization-core/number-coercion";
 import { normalizeOptionalString } from "@openclaw/normalization-core/string-coerce";
 
 function readMetaValue<T>(
@@ -39,9 +40,7 @@ export function readMetadataNumber(
   meta: Record<string, unknown> | null | undefined,
   keys: string[],
 ): number | undefined {
-  return readMetaValue(meta, keys, (value) =>
+  return readMetaValue(meta, keys, asFiniteNumber);
-    typeof value === "number" && Number.isFinite(value) ? value : undefined,
-  );
 }
 
 /** Reads the first safe non-negative integer metadata value, preserving zero. */
@@ -49,7 +48,5 @@ export function readNonNegativeInteger(
   meta: Record<string, unknown> | null | undefined,
   keys: string[],
 ): number | undefined {
-  return readMetaValue(meta, keys, (value) =>
+  return readMetaValue(meta, keys, (value) => asSafeIntegerInRange(value, { min: 0 }));
-    typeof value === "number" && Number.isSafeInteger(value) && value >= 0 ? value : undefined,
-  );
 }

packages/agent-core/src/agent-loop.ts

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import type {
   ToolResultMessage,
 } from "@openclaw/llm-core";
 import type { EventStream as SourceEventStream } from "@openclaw/llm-core";
+import { coerceErrorMessage } from "@openclaw/normalization-core/error-coercion";
 import { asOptionalRecord } from "@openclaw/normalization-core/record-coerce";
 import { TranscriptNotContinuableError } from "./errors.js";
 import { uuidv7 } from "./harness/session/uuid.js";
@@ -1332,7 +1333,7 @@ async function prepareToolCall(
   } catch (error) {
     return {
       kind: "immediate",
-      result: createErrorToolResult(error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)),
+      result: createErrorToolResult(coerceErrorMessage(error)),
       isError: true,
     };
   }
@@ -1360,11 +1361,7 @@ async function validateToolCallForBatchAdmission(
       outcome: {
         kind: "immediate",
         result: createErrorToolResult(
-          signal?.aborted
+          signal?.aborted ? "Operation aborted" : coerceErrorMessage(resolution.error),
-            ? "Operation aborted"
-            : resolution.error instanceof Error
-              ? resolution.error.message
-              : String(resolution.error),
         ),
         isError: true,
       },
@@ -1390,7 +1387,7 @@ async function validateToolCallForBatchAdmission(
       kind: "immediate",
       outcome: {
         kind: "immediate",
-        result: createErrorToolResult(error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)),
+        result: createErrorToolResult(coerceErrorMessage(error)),
         isError: true,
       },
     };
@@ -1404,7 +1401,7 @@ async function validateToolCallForBatchAdmission(
       kind: "immediate",
       outcome: {
         kind: "immediate",
-        result: createErrorToolResult(error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)),
+        result: createErrorToolResult(coerceErrorMessage(error)),
         isError: true,
         errorKind: "argument-validation",
       },
@@ -1452,7 +1449,7 @@ async function prepareToolCallExecution(
     return {
       kind: "immediate",
       outcome: {
-        result: createErrorToolResult(error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)),
+        result: createErrorToolResult(coerceErrorMessage(error)),
         isError: true,
         executionStarted: false,
       },
@@ -1508,7 +1505,7 @@ async function prepareToolCallExecution(
             throw implementationStartError.error;
           }
           return {
-            result: createErrorToolResult(error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)),
+            result: createErrorToolResult(coerceErrorMessage(error)),
             isError: true,
             executionStarted,
             ...(executionStarted && signal?.aborted && error === signal.reason
@@ -1570,11 +1567,7 @@ async function prepareToolCallExecution(
     return {
       kind: "immediate",
       outcome: {
-        result: createErrorToolResult(
+        result: createErrorToolResult(coerceErrorMessage(internalPreparation.outcome.error)),
-          internalPreparation.outcome.error instanceof Error
-            ? internalPreparation.outcome.error.message
-            : String(internalPreparation.outcome.error),
-        ),
         isError: true,
         executionStarted: false,
       },
@@ -1627,7 +1620,7 @@ async function finalizeExecutedToolCall(
         isError = afterResult.isError ?? isError;
       }
     } catch (error) {
-      result = createErrorToolResult(error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error));
+      result = createErrorToolResult(coerceErrorMessage(error));
       isError = true;
     }
   }
@@ -1692,9 +1685,7 @@ async function finalizeToolCallOutcome(
       isError: afterResult.isError ?? finalized.isError,
     };
   } catch (error) {
-    const errorResult = createErrorToolResult(
+    const errorResult = createErrorToolResult(coerceErrorMessage(error));
-      error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error),
-    );
     return {
       ...finalized,
       result: {

packages/ai/src/providers/anthropic-usage.ts

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { asNonNegativeFiniteNumber } from "@openclaw/normalization-core/number-coercion";
 import type { Usage } from "../types.js";
 
 type AnthropicUsagePayload = {
@@ -31,7 +32,7 @@ export type AnthropicIterationUsageResult =
   | { state: "valid"; usage: AnthropicIterationUsageSnapshot };
 
 export function readAnthropicUsageTokenCount(value: unknown): number | undefined {
-  return typeof value === "number" && Number.isFinite(value) && value >= 0 ? value : undefined;
+  return asNonNegativeFiniteNumber(value);
 }
 
 export function readAnthropicCacheWriteUsage(

packages/ai/src/providers/openai-responses-terminal-usage.ts

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
  * package and managed transports from drifting on token buckets, service-tier pricing, or future
  * terminal-event semantics.
  */
+import { asFiniteNumber } from "@openclaw/normalization-core/number-coercion";
 import type OpenAI from "openai";
 import type { StopReason, Usage } from "../types.js";
 
@@ -53,10 +54,7 @@ export function mapResponsesTerminalUsage(
 export function readResponsesReasoningTokens(
   usage: ResponsesTerminalUsagePayload | undefined | null,
 ): number | undefined {
-  const reasoningTokens = usage?.output_tokens_details?.reasoning_tokens;
+  return asFiniteNumber(usage?.output_tokens_details?.reasoning_tokens);
-  return typeof reasoningTokens === "number" && Number.isFinite(reasoningTokens)
-    ? reasoningTokens
-    : undefined;
 }
 
 function mapResponsesTerminalStopReason(