diff --git a/apps/.i18n/native-source.json b/apps/.i18n/native-source.json
index ba5ab2267a08..4f99ef709567 100644
--- a/apps/.i18n/native-source.json
+++ b/apps/.i18n/native-source.json
@@ -1755,7 +1755,7 @@
     },
     {
       "kind": "ui-call",
-      "line": 3152,
+      "line": 3173,
       "path": "apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/chat/ChatController.kt",
       "source": "Could not stage an attachment for sending.",
       "surface": "android",
@@ -1763,7 +1763,7 @@
     },
     {
       "kind": "ui-call",
-      "line": 3185,
+      "line": 3206,
       "path": "apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/chat/ChatController.kt",
       "source": "Offline queue is full ($OUTBOX_MAX_QUEUED messages); delete queued items first.",
       "surface": "android",
@@ -1771,7 +1771,7 @@
     },
     {
       "kind": "ui-call",
-      "line": 3191,
+      "line": 3212,
       "path": "apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/chat/ChatController.kt",
       "source": "Attachments are too large to queue for one message; remove some and try again.",
       "surface": "android",
@@ -1779,7 +1779,7 @@
     },
     {
       "kind": "ui-call",
-      "line": 3197,
+      "line": 3218,
       "path": "apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/chat/ChatController.kt",
       "source": "Offline attachment storage is full; delete queued items first.",
       "surface": "android",
@@ -1787,7 +1787,7 @@
     },
     {
       "kind": "ui-call",
-      "line": 3202,
+      "line": 3223,
       "path": "apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/chat/ChatController.kt",
       "source": "Gateway health not OK; cannot send",
       "surface": "android",
@@ -1795,7 +1795,7 @@
     },
     {
       "kind": "ui-call",
-      "line": 3209,
+      "line": 3230,
       "path": "apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/chat/ChatController.kt",
       "source": "Could not queue message for later delivery.",
       "surface": "android",
@@ -1803,7 +1803,7 @@
     },
     {
       "kind": "ui-call",
-      "line": 3926,
+      "line": 3947,
       "path": "apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/chat/ChatController.kt",
       "source": "Chat failed",
       "surface": "android",
@@ -1811,7 +1811,7 @@
     },
     {
       "kind": "ui-call",
-      "line": 4064,
+      "line": 4085,
       "path": "apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/chat/ChatController.kt",
       "source": "Event stream interrupted; try refreshing.",
       "surface": "android",
@@ -1819,7 +1819,7 @@
     },
     {
       "kind": "ui-call",
-      "line": 4201,
+      "line": 4222,
       "path": "apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/chat/ChatController.kt",
       "source": "Timed out waiting for a reply; try again or refresh.",
       "surface": "android",
@@ -1827,7 +1827,7 @@
     },
     {
       "kind": "ui-call",
-      "line": 4411,
+      "line": 4432,
       "path": "apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/chat/ChatController.kt",
       "source": "Timed out confirming the sent message; refresh to check delivery.",
       "surface": "android",
@@ -1843,7 +1843,7 @@
     },
     {
       "kind": "conditional-branch",
-      "line": 1530,
+      "line": 1563,
       "path": "apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/gateway/GatewaySession.kt",
       "source": "Connecting…",
       "surface": "android",
@@ -1851,7 +1851,7 @@
     },
     {
       "kind": "conditional-branch",
-      "line": 1530,
+      "line": 1563,
       "path": "apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/gateway/GatewaySession.kt",
       "source": "Reconnecting…",
       "surface": "android",
@@ -23443,7 +23443,7 @@
     },
     {
       "kind": "ui-localized-call",
-      "line": 4088,
+      "line": 4087,
       "path": "apps/ios/Sources/Model/NodeAppModel.swift",
       "source": "Approval needed",
       "surface": "apple",
@@ -23451,7 +23451,7 @@
     },
     {
       "kind": "ui-localized-call",
-      "line": 4089,
+      "line": 4088,
       "path": "apps/ios/Sources/Model/NodeAppModel.swift",
       "source": "Action required",
       "surface": "apple",
@@ -23459,7 +23459,7 @@
     },
     {
       "kind": "ui-localized-call",
-      "line": 4804,
+      "line": 4803,
       "path": "apps/ios/Sources/Model/NodeAppModel.swift",
       "source": "Connecting...",
       "surface": "apple",
@@ -23467,7 +23467,7 @@
     },
     {
       "kind": "ui-localized-call",
-      "line": 4805,
+      "line": 4804,
       "path": "apps/ios/Sources/Model/NodeAppModel.swift",
       "source": "Reconnecting...",
       "surface": "apple",
@@ -23475,7 +23475,7 @@
     },
     {
       "kind": "conditional-branch",
-      "line": 5157,
+      "line": 5156,
       "path": "apps/ios/Sources/Model/NodeAppModel.swift",
       "source": "Connected",
       "surface": "apple",
@@ -23483,7 +23483,7 @@
     },
     {
       "kind": "conditional-branch",
-      "line": 5157,
+      "line": 5156,
       "path": "apps/ios/Sources/Model/NodeAppModel.swift",
       "source": "Offline",
       "surface": "apple",
@@ -23491,7 +23491,7 @@
     },
     {
       "kind": "conditional-branch",
-      "line": 6327,
+      "line": 6326,
       "path": "apps/ios/Sources/Model/NodeAppModel.swift",
       "source": "No chat messages yet",
       "surface": "apple",
@@ -23499,7 +23499,7 @@
     },
     {
       "kind": "conditional-branch",
-      "line": 6526,
+      "line": 6525,
       "path": "apps/ios/Sources/Model/NodeAppModel.swift",
       "source": "Connecting…",
       "surface": "apple",
@@ -23507,7 +23507,7 @@
     },
     {
       "kind": "conditional-branch",
-      "line": 6526,
+      "line": 6525,
       "path": "apps/ios/Sources/Model/NodeAppModel.swift",
       "source": "Reconnecting…",
       "surface": "apple",
@@ -23515,7 +23515,7 @@
     },
     {
       "kind": "conditional-branch",
-      "line": 8935,
+      "line": 8934,
       "path": "apps/ios/Sources/Model/NodeAppModel.swift",
       "source": "Approval",
       "surface": "apple",
@@ -23523,7 +23523,7 @@
     },
     {
       "kind": "conditional-branch",
-      "line": 8935,
+      "line": 8934,
       "path": "apps/ios/Sources/Model/NodeAppModel.swift",
       "source": "This approval was already",
       "surface": "apple",
@@ -23531,7 +23531,7 @@
     },
     {
       "kind": "conditional-branch",
-      "line": 8941,
+      "line": 8940,
       "path": "apps/ios/Sources/Model/NodeAppModel.swift",
       "source": "This approval was already set to Always Allow.",
       "surface": "apple",
@@ -23539,7 +23539,7 @@
     },
     {
       "kind": "conditional-branch",
-      "line": 8942,
+      "line": 8941,
       "path": "apps/ios/Sources/Model/NodeAppModel.swift",
       "source": "Approval set to Always Allow.",
       "surface": "apple",
@@ -23547,7 +23547,7 @@
     },
     {
       "kind": "conditional-branch",
-      "line": 10280,
+      "line": 10278,
       "path": "apps/ios/Sources/Model/NodeAppModel.swift",
       "source": "\\(urlText.prefix(500))…",
       "surface": "apple",
@@ -25683,7 +25683,7 @@
     },
     {
       "kind": "ui-localized-call",
-      "line": 4700,
+      "line": 4693,
       "path": "apps/ios/Sources/Voice/TalkModeManager.swift",
       "source": "Realtime unavailable",
       "surface": "apple",
@@ -25691,7 +25691,7 @@
     },
     {
       "kind": "ui-localized-call",
-      "line": 4722,
+      "line": 4715,
       "path": "apps/ios/Sources/Voice/TalkModeManager.swift",
       "source": "Listening (PTT)",
       "surface": "apple",
diff --git a/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/chat/ChatController.kt b/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/chat/ChatController.kt
index a5f0f3a460dc..4e8c0fa519c4 100644
--- a/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/chat/ChatController.kt
+++ b/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/chat/ChatController.kt
@@ -2230,7 +2230,28 @@ class ChatController internal constructor(
     stateRevision: Long,
     gatewayScope: ChatCacheScope?,
   ): Boolean {
-    val response = requestGatewayBound(gatewayScope?.gatewayId, "question.list", "{}")
+    val response =
+      try {
+        requestGatewayBound(gatewayScope?.gatewayId, "question.list", "{}")
+      } catch (err: GatewayRequestRejected) {
+        val unavailable =
+          err.gatewayError.missingScope() == "operator.questions" ||
+            (
+              err.gatewayError.code == "INVALID_REQUEST" &&
+                err.gatewayError.message == "unknown method: question.list"
+            )
+        if (!unavailable) throw err
+        if (!questionRefreshIsCurrent(refreshGeneration, stateRevision, gatewayScope)) return false
+        return synchronized(questionStateLock) {
+          if (!questionRefreshIsCurrentLocked(refreshGeneration, stateRevision)) return@synchronized false
+          if (_questions.value.isNotEmpty()) {
+            _questions.value = emptyList()
+            questionStateRevision += 1
+          }
+          syncQuestionEvictionsLocked()
+          true
+        }
+      }
     if (!questionRefreshIsCurrent(refreshGeneration, stateRevision, gatewayScope)) return false
     val listedRecords = json.decodeFromString<QuestionListResult>(response).questions
     val listedIds = listedRecords.mapTo(mutableSetOf()) { it.id }
diff --git a/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/gateway/GatewaySession.kt b/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/gateway/GatewaySession.kt
index 50331bf9af8c..439398d5b1db 100644
--- a/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/gateway/GatewaySession.kt
+++ b/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/gateway/GatewaySession.kt
@@ -75,9 +75,9 @@ private enum class GatewayConnectAuthSource {
 }
 
 /**
- * Structured connect failure guidance from the gateway, preserved for reconnect and UI decisions.
+ * Structured gateway error details, preserved for reconnect, authorization, and UI decisions.
  */
-data class GatewayConnectErrorDetails(
+data class GatewayErrorDetails(
   val code: String?,
   val canRetryWithDeviceToken: Boolean,
   val recommendedNextStep: String?,
@@ -92,8 +92,17 @@ data class GatewayConnectErrorDetails(
   val clawhubTrustCode: String? = null,
   val clawhubWarning: String? = null,
   val clawhubVersion: String? = null,
+  val missingScope: String? = null,
+  val requiredScopes: List<String> = emptyList(),
 )
 
+data class GatewayMissingScopeErrorDetails(
+  val missingScope: String,
+  val requiredScopes: List<String>,
+)
+
+private val legacyMissingScopePattern = Regex("\\bmissing scope:\\s*([a-z0-9._-]+)", RegexOption.IGNORE_CASE)
+
 private val gatewayApprovalRequestIdPattern = Regex("^[A-Za-z0-9][A-Za-z0-9._:-]{0,127}$")
 
 /** Keeps copied approval commands single-argument and safe for a gateway host shell. */
@@ -214,8 +223,26 @@ class GatewaySession(
   data class ErrorShape(
     val code: String,
     val message: String,
-    val details: GatewayConnectErrorDetails? = null,
-  )
+    val details: GatewayErrorDetails? = null,
+  ) {
+    fun missingScopeDetails(): GatewayMissingScopeErrorDetails? {
+      val details = details ?: return null
+      val missingScope = details.missingScope?.trim().orEmpty()
+      val requiredScopes = details.requiredScopes.map { it.trim() }
+      if (details.code != "MISSING_SCOPE" || missingScope.isEmpty() || requiredScopes.any { it.isEmpty() }) {
+        return null
+      }
+      return requiredScopes.takeIf { it.isNotEmpty() }?.let {
+        GatewayMissingScopeErrorDetails(missingScope = missingScope, requiredScopes = it)
+      }
+    }
+
+    fun missingScope(): String? {
+      missingScopeDetails()?.let { return it.missingScope }
+      if (code != "FORBIDDEN" && code != "INVALID_REQUEST") return null
+      return legacyMissingScopePattern.find(message)?.groupValues?.getOrNull(1)
+    }
+  }
 
   /**
    * Structured RPC result used by callers that need error codes without exceptions.
@@ -1346,7 +1373,7 @@ class GatewaySession(
           val detailObj = wireError.details.asObjectOrNull()
           val details =
             detailObj?.let {
-              GatewayConnectErrorDetails(
+              GatewayErrorDetails(
                 code = it["code"].asStringOrNull(),
                 canRetryWithDeviceToken = it["canRetryWithDeviceToken"].asBooleanOrNull() == true,
                 recommendedNextStep = it["recommendedNextStep"].asStringOrNull(),
@@ -1361,6 +1388,12 @@ class GatewaySession(
                 clawhubTrustCode = it["clawhubTrustCode"].asStringOrNull(),
                 clawhubWarning = it["warning"].asStringOrNull(),
                 clawhubVersion = it["version"].asStringOrNull(),
+                missingScope = it["missingScope"].asStringOrNull(),
+                requiredScopes =
+                  it["requiredScopes"]
+                    .asArrayOrNull()
+                    ?.mapNotNull { scope -> scope.asStringOrNull() }
+                    .orEmpty(),
               )
             }
           ErrorShape(wireError.code, wireError.message, details)
diff --git a/apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/app/CronJobManagementTest.kt b/apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/app/CronJobManagementTest.kt
index fe80d403b0cf..2089a9549003 100644
--- a/apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/app/CronJobManagementTest.kt
+++ b/apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/app/CronJobManagementTest.kt
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 package ai.openclaw.app
 
-import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.GatewayConnectErrorDetails
+import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.GatewayErrorDetails
 import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.GatewaySession
 import ai.openclaw.app.ui.cronWakeModeLabel
 import ai.openclaw.app.ui.cronWakeModeOptions
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ class CronJobManagementTest {
         code = "INVALID_REQUEST",
         message = "changed",
         details =
-          GatewayConnectErrorDetails(
+          GatewayErrorDetails(
             code = "CRON_JOB_CHANGED",
             canRetryWithDeviceToken = false,
             recommendedNextStep = null,
diff --git a/apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/app/GatewayBootstrapAuthTest.kt b/apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/app/GatewayBootstrapAuthTest.kt
index 3bcde1e49615..3adb9591e2d3 100644
--- a/apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/app/GatewayBootstrapAuthTest.kt
+++ b/apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/app/GatewayBootstrapAuthTest.kt
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ package ai.openclaw.app
 
 import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.DeviceAuthStore
 import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.DeviceIdentityStore
-import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.GatewayConnectErrorDetails
 import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.GatewayConnectOptions
 import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.GatewayEndpoint
+import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.GatewayErrorDetails
 import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.GatewayRegistryEntry
 import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.GatewayRegistryEntryKind
 import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.GatewaySession
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ class GatewayBootstrapAuthTest {
         code = "UNAUTHORIZED",
         message = "unauthorized",
         details =
-          GatewayConnectErrorDetails(
+          GatewayErrorDetails(
             code = "AUTH_TOKEN_MISSING",
             canRetryWithDeviceToken = false,
             recommendedNextStep = "provide_token",
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ class GatewayBootstrapAuthTest {
         code = "NOT_PAIRED",
         message = "pairing required",
         details =
-          GatewayConnectErrorDetails(
+          GatewayErrorDetails(
             code = "PAIRING_REQUIRED",
             canRetryWithDeviceToken = false,
             recommendedNextStep = "wait_then_retry",
diff --git a/apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/app/GatewayExecApprovalRuntimeTest.kt b/apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/app/GatewayExecApprovalRuntimeTest.kt
index b7c99c5a0893..b1645f048c7a 100644
--- a/apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/app/GatewayExecApprovalRuntimeTest.kt
+++ b/apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/app/GatewayExecApprovalRuntimeTest.kt
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 package ai.openclaw.app
 
-import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.GatewayConnectErrorDetails
 import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.GatewayEndpoint
+import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.GatewayErrorDetails
 import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.GatewayRequestOutcomeUnknown
 import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.GatewayRequestRejected
 import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.GatewaySession
@@ -1309,8 +1309,8 @@ class GatewayExecApprovalRuntimeTest {
     }
     """.trimIndent()
 
-  private fun gatewayErrorDetails(reason: String): GatewayConnectErrorDetails =
-    GatewayConnectErrorDetails(
+  private fun gatewayErrorDetails(reason: String): GatewayErrorDetails =
+    GatewayErrorDetails(
       code = null,
       canRetryWithDeviceToken = false,
       recommendedNextStep = null,
diff --git a/apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/app/GatewayNodeApprovalStateTest.kt b/apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/app/GatewayNodeApprovalStateTest.kt
index 61d7d8b1b24e..8efe090cb126 100644
--- a/apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/app/GatewayNodeApprovalStateTest.kt
+++ b/apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/app/GatewayNodeApprovalStateTest.kt
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 package ai.openclaw.app
 
-import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.GatewayConnectErrorDetails
+import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.GatewayErrorDetails
 import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.GatewaySession
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.Json
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.jsonObject
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class GatewayNodeApprovalStateTest {
           code = "NOT_PAIRED",
           message = "pairing required",
           details =
-            GatewayConnectErrorDetails(
+            GatewayErrorDetails(
               code = "PAIRING_REQUIRED",
               canRetryWithDeviceToken = false,
               recommendedNextStep = "wait_then_retry",
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class GatewayNodeApprovalStateTest {
           code = "UNAUTHORIZED",
           message = "token mismatch",
           details =
-            GatewayConnectErrorDetails(
+            GatewayErrorDetails(
               code = "AUTH_TOKEN_MISMATCH",
               canRetryWithDeviceToken = false,
               recommendedNextStep = null,
diff --git a/apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/app/SkillManagementTest.kt b/apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/app/SkillManagementTest.kt
index 223d23311dde..443d4b67d5f0 100644
--- a/apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/app/SkillManagementTest.kt
+++ b/apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/app/SkillManagementTest.kt
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 package ai.openclaw.app
 
-import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.GatewayConnectErrorDetails
+import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.GatewayErrorDetails
 import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.GatewaySession
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.Json
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.boolean
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ class SkillManagementTest {
           code = "UNAVAILABLE",
           message = "review required",
           details =
-            GatewayConnectErrorDetails(
+            GatewayErrorDetails(
               code = null,
               canRetryWithDeviceToken = false,
               recommendedNextStep = null,
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ class SkillManagementTest {
           code = "UNAVAILABLE",
           message = "review required",
           details =
-            GatewayConnectErrorDetails(
+            GatewayErrorDetails(
               code = null,
               canRetryWithDeviceToken = false,
               recommendedNextStep = null,
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ class SkillManagementTest {
           code = "UNAVAILABLE",
           message = "download blocked",
           details =
-            GatewayConnectErrorDetails(
+            GatewayErrorDetails(
               code = null,
               canRetryWithDeviceToken = false,
               recommendedNextStep = null,
diff --git a/apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/app/chat/ChatQuestionTest.kt b/apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/app/chat/ChatQuestionTest.kt
index a0b28bf77899..f2e200b57018 100644
--- a/apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/app/chat/ChatQuestionTest.kt
+++ b/apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/app/chat/ChatQuestionTest.kt
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 package ai.openclaw.app.chat
 
-import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.GatewayConnectErrorDetails
+import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.GatewayErrorDetails
 import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.GatewayRequestRejected
 import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.GatewaySession
 import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.Question
@@ -153,6 +153,43 @@ class ChatQuestionTest {
       assertEquals(listOf("ask_new"), controller.questions.value.map { it.record.id })
     }
 
+  @Test
+  @OptIn(ExperimentalCoroutinesApi::class)
+  fun structuredMissingQuestionScopeClearsStaleCards() =
+    runTest {
+      val json = Json { ignoreUnknownKeys = true }
+      val controller =
+        ChatController(
+          scope = this,
+          json = json,
+          requestGateway = { method, _ ->
+            if (method == "question.list") {
+              throw GatewayRequestRejected(
+                GatewaySession.ErrorShape(
+                  code = "FORBIDDEN",
+                  message = "permission denied",
+                  details =
+                    GatewayErrorDetails(
+                      code = "MISSING_SCOPE",
+                      missingScope = "operator.questions",
+                      requiredScopes = listOf("operator.questions"),
+                      canRetryWithDeviceToken = false,
+                      recommendedNextStep = null,
+                    ),
+                ),
+              )
+            }
+            "{}"
+          },
+        )
+
+      controller.handleGatewayEvent("question.requested", json.encodeToString(record(id = "ask_stale")))
+      controller.handleGatewayEvent("health", null)
+      advanceUntilIdle()
+
+      assertTrue(controller.questions.value.isEmpty())
+    }
+
   @Test
   @OptIn(ExperimentalCoroutinesApi::class)
   fun pendingRefreshPreservesSubmissionLock() =
@@ -775,7 +812,7 @@ class ChatQuestionTest {
                       code = "INVALID_REQUEST",
                       message = "question not found",
                       details =
-                        GatewayConnectErrorDetails(
+                        GatewayErrorDetails(
                           code = null,
                           reason = "QUESTION_NOT_FOUND",
                           canRetryWithDeviceToken = false,
@@ -963,7 +1000,7 @@ class ChatQuestionTest {
                     code = "INVALID_REQUEST",
                     message = "question not found",
                     details =
-                      GatewayConnectErrorDetails(
+                      GatewayErrorDetails(
                         code = null,
                         reason = "QUESTION_NOT_FOUND",
                         canRetryWithDeviceToken = false,
diff --git a/apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/app/gateway/GatewayErrorDetailsTest.kt b/apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/app/gateway/GatewayErrorDetailsTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..683a3557022e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/app/gateway/GatewayErrorDetailsTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+package ai.openclaw.app.gateway
+
+import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
+import org.junit.Assert.assertNull
+import org.junit.Test
+
+class GatewayErrorDetailsTest {
+  @Test
+  fun readsStructuredMissingScopeWithoutMessageParsing() {
+    val error =
+      GatewaySession.ErrorShape(
+        code = "FORBIDDEN",
+        message = "permission denied",
+        details =
+          GatewayErrorDetails(
+            code = "MISSING_SCOPE",
+            missingScope = "operator.questions",
+            requiredScopes = listOf("operator.read", "operator.questions"),
+            canRetryWithDeviceToken = false,
+            recommendedNextStep = null,
+          ),
+      )
+
+    assertEquals("operator.questions", error.missingScope())
+    assertEquals(
+      GatewayMissingScopeErrorDetails(
+        missingScope = "operator.questions",
+        requiredScopes = listOf("operator.read", "operator.questions"),
+      ),
+      error.missingScopeDetails(),
+    )
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  fun legacyFallbackRequiresAnAuthorizationErrorCode() {
+    assertEquals(
+      "operator.read",
+      GatewaySession
+        .ErrorShape(
+          code = "INVALID_REQUEST",
+          message = "missing scope: operator.read",
+        ).missingScope(),
+    )
+    assertNull(
+      GatewaySession
+        .ErrorShape(
+          code = "UNAVAILABLE",
+          message = "missing scope: operator.read",
+        ).missingScope(),
+    )
+  }
+}
diff --git a/apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/app/gateway/GatewaySessionReconnectTest.kt b/apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/app/gateway/GatewaySessionReconnectTest.kt
index ac550b812038..be42a6cf32c0 100644
--- a/apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/app/gateway/GatewaySessionReconnectTest.kt
+++ b/apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/app/gateway/GatewaySessionReconnectTest.kt
@@ -658,7 +658,7 @@ class GatewaySessionReconnectTest {
         code = "NOT_PAIRED",
         message = "pairing required",
         details =
-          GatewayConnectErrorDetails(
+          GatewayErrorDetails(
             code = "PAIRING_REQUIRED",
             canRetryWithDeviceToken = false,
             recommendedNextStep = "wait_then_retry",
@@ -685,7 +685,7 @@ class GatewaySessionReconnectTest {
         code = "NOT_PAIRED",
         message = "pairing required",
         details =
-          GatewayConnectErrorDetails(
+          GatewayErrorDetails(
             code = "PAIRING_REQUIRED",
             canRetryWithDeviceToken = false,
             recommendedNextStep = null,
@@ -711,7 +711,7 @@ class GatewaySessionReconnectTest {
         code = "NOT_PAIRED",
         message = "pairing required",
         details =
-          GatewayConnectErrorDetails(
+          GatewayErrorDetails(
             code = "PAIRING_REQUIRED",
             canRetryWithDeviceToken = false,
             recommendedNextStep = "wait_then_retry",
@@ -748,7 +748,7 @@ class GatewaySessionReconnectTest {
           code = "INVALID_REQUEST",
           message = "authentication failed",
           details =
-            GatewayConnectErrorDetails(
+            GatewayErrorDetails(
               code = code,
               canRetryWithDeviceToken = false,
               recommendedNextStep = null,
@@ -785,7 +785,7 @@ class GatewaySessionReconnectTest {
           code = "INVALID_REQUEST",
           message = "authentication failed",
           details =
-            GatewayConnectErrorDetails(
+            GatewayErrorDetails(
               code = "AUTH_UNAUTHORIZED",
               canRetryWithDeviceToken = nextStep == "retry_with_device_token",
               recommendedNextStep = nextStep,
@@ -811,7 +811,7 @@ class GatewaySessionReconnectTest {
         code = "INVALID_REQUEST",
         message = "authentication rate limited",
         details =
-          GatewayConnectErrorDetails(
+          GatewayErrorDetails(
             code = "AUTH_RATE_LIMITED",
             canRetryWithDeviceToken = false,
             recommendedNextStep = "wait_then_retry",
@@ -836,7 +836,7 @@ class GatewaySessionReconnectTest {
         code = "INVALID_REQUEST",
         message = "protocol mismatch",
         details =
-          GatewayConnectErrorDetails(
+          GatewayErrorDetails(
             code = "PROTOCOL_MISMATCH",
             canRetryWithDeviceToken = false,
             recommendedNextStep = null,
@@ -865,7 +865,7 @@ class GatewaySessionReconnectTest {
         code = "NOT_PAIRED",
         message = "pairing required",
         details =
-          GatewayConnectErrorDetails(
+          GatewayErrorDetails(
             code = "PAIRING_REQUIRED",
             canRetryWithDeviceToken = false,
             recommendedNextStep = null,
@@ -985,6 +985,41 @@ class GatewaySessionReconnectTest {
       }
     }
 
+  @Test
+  fun methodFailurePreservesMissingScopeDetails() =
+    runBlocking {
+      val json = Json { ignoreUnknownKeys = true }
+      val connected = CompletableDeferred<Unit>()
+      val server =
+        startGatewayServer(json = json) { webSocket, id, method ->
+          when (method) {
+            "connect" -> webSocket.send(connectResponseFrame(id))
+            "question.list" ->
+              webSocket.send(
+                """
+                {"type":"res","id":"$id","ok":false,"error":{"code":"FORBIDDEN","message":"permission denied","details":{"code":"MISSING_SCOPE","missingScope":"operator.questions","requiredScopes":["operator.questions"]}}}
+                """.trimIndent(),
+              )
+          }
+        }
+      val harness = createReconnectHarness(onConnected = { connected.complete(Unit) })
+
+      try {
+        connectNodeSession(harness.session, server.port)
+        withTimeout(LIFECYCLE_TEST_TIMEOUT_MS) { connected.await() }
+
+        val result = harness.session.requestDetailed("question.list", "{}")
+
+        assertFalse(result.ok)
+        assertEquals("MISSING_SCOPE", result.error?.details?.code)
+        assertEquals("operator.questions", result.error?.details?.missingScope)
+        assertEquals(listOf("operator.questions"), result.error?.details?.requiredScopes)
+        assertEquals("operator.questions", result.error?.missingScope())
+      } finally {
+        shutdownReconnectHarness(harness, server)
+      }
+    }
+
   private fun createReconnectHarness(
     onConnected: () -> Unit = {},
     onHello: (GatewayHelloSummary) -> Unit = {},
diff --git a/apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/app/voice/TalkSpeakClientTest.kt b/apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/app/voice/TalkSpeakClientTest.kt
index c32df959b3cc..f09f07cc47f3 100644
--- a/apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/app/voice/TalkSpeakClientTest.kt
+++ b/apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/app/voice/TalkSpeakClientTest.kt
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 package ai.openclaw.app.voice
 
-import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.GatewayConnectErrorDetails
+import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.GatewayErrorDetails
 import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.GatewaySession
 import kotlinx.coroutines.CancellationException
 import kotlinx.coroutines.test.runTest
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ class TalkSpeakClientTest {
                   code = "UNAVAILABLE",
                   message = "talk unavailable",
                   details =
-                    GatewayConnectErrorDetails(
+                    GatewayErrorDetails(
                       code = null,
                       canRetryWithDeviceToken = false,
                       recommendedNextStep = null,
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ class TalkSpeakClientTest {
                   code = "UNAVAILABLE",
                   message = "provider failed",
                   details =
-                    GatewayConnectErrorDetails(
+                    GatewayErrorDetails(
                       code = null,
                       canRetryWithDeviceToken = false,
                       recommendedNextStep = null,
diff --git a/apps/ios/Sources/Model/NodeAppModel.swift b/apps/ios/Sources/Model/NodeAppModel.swift
index 090aa0092cee..ef703c6ac58e 100644
--- a/apps/ios/Sources/Model/NodeAppModel.swift
+++ b/apps/ios/Sources/Model/NodeAppModel.swift
@@ -2077,12 +2077,11 @@ final class NodeAppModel {
                     }
                     return decoded.ok ?? false
                 } catch {
-                    if let gatewayError = error as? GatewayResponseError {
-                        let lower = gatewayError.message.lowercased()
-                        if lower.contains("unauthorized role") || lower.contains("missing scope") {
-                            await self.setGatewayHealthMonitorDisabled(true)
-                            return true
-                        }
+                    if let gatewayError = error as? GatewayResponseError,
+                       gatewayError.isAuthorizationFailure
+                    {
+                        await self.setGatewayHealthMonitorDisabled(true)
+                        return true
                     }
                     return false
                 }
@@ -10160,12 +10159,11 @@ extension NodeAppModel {
             VoiceWakePreferences.saveTriggerWords(triggers)
         } catch {
             guard shouldApply() else { return }
-            if let gatewayError = error as? GatewayResponseError {
-                let lower = gatewayError.message.lowercased()
-                if lower.contains("unauthorized role") || lower.contains("missing scope") {
-                    self.setGatewayHealthMonitorDisabled(true)
-                    return
-                }
+            if let gatewayError = error as? GatewayResponseError,
+               gatewayError.isAuthorizationFailure
+            {
+                self.setGatewayHealthMonitorDisabled(true)
+                return
             }
             // Best-effort only.
         }
diff --git a/apps/ios/Sources/Voice/TalkModeManager.swift b/apps/ios/Sources/Voice/TalkModeManager.swift
index 8e8c90f7689f..c476dc0fd168 100644
--- a/apps/ios/Sources/Voice/TalkModeManager.swift
+++ b/apps/ios/Sources/Voice/TalkModeManager.swift
@@ -4273,14 +4273,7 @@ extension TalkModeManager {
     private static func missingTalkScope(from error: Error) -> String? {
         let targetScope = "operator.talk.secrets"
         if let gatewayError = error as? GatewayResponseError {
-            if Self.errorTextIndicatesMissingScope(gatewayError.message, scope: targetScope) {
-                return targetScope
-            }
-            if let missingScope = gatewayError.details["missingScope"]?.value as? String,
-               missingScope == targetScope
-            {
-                return targetScope
-            }
+            return gatewayError.missingScope == targetScope ? targetScope : nil
         }
         if Self.errorTextIndicatesMissingScope(error.localizedDescription, scope: targetScope) {
             return targetScope
diff --git a/apps/shared/OpenClawKit/Sources/OpenClawChatUI/ChatQuestionCard.swift b/apps/shared/OpenClawKit/Sources/OpenClawChatUI/ChatQuestionCard.swift
index b63d4c6e793a..dd9ecbccafe4 100644
--- a/apps/shared/OpenClawKit/Sources/OpenClawChatUI/ChatQuestionCard.swift
+++ b/apps/shared/OpenClawKit/Sources/OpenClawChatUI/ChatQuestionCard.swift
@@ -675,9 +675,8 @@ extension OpenClawChatViewModel {
     }
 
     private nonisolated static func questionListIsUnavailable(_ error: GatewayResponseError) -> Bool {
-        guard error.code == "INVALID_REQUEST" else { return false }
-        return error.message == "unknown method: question.list" ||
-            error.message == "missing scope: operator.questions"
+        if error.missingScope == "operator.questions" { return true }
+        return error.code == "INVALID_REQUEST" && error.message == "unknown method: question.list"
     }
 
     private nonisolated static func questionIsNotFound(_ error: GatewayResponseError) -> Bool {
diff --git a/apps/shared/OpenClawKit/Sources/OpenClawKit/GatewayErrors.swift b/apps/shared/OpenClawKit/Sources/OpenClawKit/GatewayErrors.swift
index e8bce77f5491..6d7a14878630 100644
--- a/apps/shared/OpenClawKit/Sources/OpenClawKit/GatewayErrors.swift
+++ b/apps/shared/OpenClawKit/Sources/OpenClawKit/GatewayErrors.swift
@@ -195,6 +195,16 @@ public struct GatewayConnectAuthError: LocalizedError, Sendable {
 }
 
 /// Structured error surfaced when the gateway responds with `{ ok: false }`.
+public struct GatewayMissingScopeErrorDetails: Equatable, Sendable {
+    public let missingScope: String
+    public let requiredScopes: [String]
+
+    public init(missingScope: String, requiredScopes: [String]) {
+        self.missingScope = missingScope
+        self.requiredScopes = requiredScopes
+    }
+}
+
 public struct GatewayResponseError: LocalizedError, @unchecked Sendable {
     public let method: String
     public let code: String
@@ -218,6 +228,40 @@ public struct GatewayResponseError: LocalizedError, @unchecked Sendable {
         return trimmed.isEmpty ? nil : trimmed
     }
 
+    public var missingScopeDetails: GatewayMissingScopeErrorDetails? {
+        guard self.details["code"]?.stringValue == "MISSING_SCOPE" else { return nil }
+        let missingScope = self.details["missingScope"]?.stringValue?
+            .trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) ?? ""
+        guard !missingScope.isEmpty, let values = self.details["requiredScopes"]?.arrayValue else {
+            return nil
+        }
+        let requiredScopes = values.compactMap { value -> String? in
+            let scope = value.stringValue?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) ?? ""
+            return scope.isEmpty ? nil : scope
+        }
+        guard !requiredScopes.isEmpty, requiredScopes.count == values.count else { return nil }
+        return GatewayMissingScopeErrorDetails(
+            missingScope: missingScope,
+            requiredScopes: requiredScopes)
+    }
+
+    /// Structured missing scope with a fallback for gateways predating error details.
+    public var missingScope: String? {
+        if let structured = self.missingScopeDetails { return structured.missingScope }
+        guard self.code == "FORBIDDEN" || self.code == "INVALID_REQUEST" else { return nil }
+        guard let marker = self.message.range(of: "missing scope:", options: .caseInsensitive) else {
+            return nil
+        }
+        let suffix = self.message[marker.upperBound...].trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+        return suffix.split(whereSeparator: { $0.isWhitespace }).first.map(String.init)
+    }
+
+    public var isAuthorizationFailure: Bool {
+        if self.missingScope != nil { return true }
+        return self.code == "INVALID_REQUEST" &&
+            self.message.localizedCaseInsensitiveContains("unauthorized role")
+    }
+
     public var errorDescription: String? {
         if self.code == "GATEWAY_ERROR" { return "\(self.method): \(self.message)" }
         return "\(self.method): [\(self.code)] \(self.message)"
diff --git a/apps/shared/OpenClawKit/Tests/OpenClawKitTests/ChatViewModelTests.swift b/apps/shared/OpenClawKit/Tests/OpenClawKitTests/ChatViewModelTests.swift
index c0f6a3129faf..add3200a6350 100644
--- a/apps/shared/OpenClawKit/Tests/OpenClawKitTests/ChatViewModelTests.swift
+++ b/apps/shared/OpenClawKit/Tests/OpenClawKitTests/ChatViewModelTests.swift
@@ -1392,6 +1392,28 @@ struct ChatViewModelTests {
         #expect(viewModel.questionCards.isEmpty)
     }
 
+    @Test @MainActor func `structured missing question scope clears stale cards`() async {
+        let transport = TestChatTransport(
+            historyResponses: [],
+            listQuestionsHook: {
+                throw GatewayResponseError(
+                    method: "question.list",
+                    code: "FORBIDDEN",
+                    message: "permission denied",
+                    details: [
+                        "code": AnyCodable("MISSING_SCOPE"),
+                        "missingScope": AnyCodable("operator.questions"),
+                        "requiredScopes": AnyCodable(["operator.questions"]),
+                    ])
+            })
+        let viewModel = OpenClawChatViewModel(sessionKey: "main", transport: transport)
+        viewModel.upsertQuestion(chatQuestionRecord(id: "ask_stale"))
+
+        await viewModel.refreshQuestions()
+
+        #expect(viewModel.questionCards.isEmpty)
+    }
+
     @Test @MainActor func `transient question list rejection preserves event cards`() async {
         let transport = TestChatTransport(
             historyResponses: [],
diff --git a/apps/shared/OpenClawKit/Tests/OpenClawKitTests/GatewayErrorsTests.swift b/apps/shared/OpenClawKit/Tests/OpenClawKitTests/GatewayErrorsTests.swift
index ccdddd06db5b..3704840b2edd 100644
--- a/apps/shared/OpenClawKit/Tests/OpenClawKitTests/GatewayErrorsTests.swift
+++ b/apps/shared/OpenClawKit/Tests/OpenClawKitTests/GatewayErrorsTests.swift
@@ -3,6 +3,41 @@ import OpenClawKit
 import Testing
 
 struct GatewayErrorsTests {
+    @Test func `response error reads structured missing scope`() throws {
+        let error = GatewayResponseError(
+            method: "question.list",
+            code: "FORBIDDEN",
+            message: "permission denied",
+            details: [
+                "code": AnyCodable("MISSING_SCOPE"),
+                "missingScope": AnyCodable("operator.questions"),
+                "requiredScopes": AnyCodable(["operator.read", "operator.questions"]),
+            ])
+
+        let details = try #require(error.missingScopeDetails)
+        #expect(details.missingScope == "operator.questions")
+        #expect(details.requiredScopes == ["operator.read", "operator.questions"])
+        #expect(error.missingScope == "operator.questions")
+    }
+
+    @Test func `response error keeps legacy missing scope compatibility`() {
+        let legacy = GatewayResponseError(
+            method: "question.list",
+            code: "INVALID_REQUEST",
+            message: "missing scope: operator.questions",
+            details: nil)
+        let unrelated = GatewayResponseError(
+            method: "question.list",
+            code: "UNAVAILABLE",
+            message: "missing scope: operator.questions",
+            details: nil)
+
+        #expect(legacy.missingScope == "operator.questions")
+        #expect(unrelated.missingScope == nil)
+        #expect(legacy.isAuthorizationFailure)
+        #expect(!unrelated.isAuthorizationFailure)
+    }
+
     @Test func `bootstrap token invalid is non recoverable`() {
         let error = GatewayConnectAuthError(
             message: "setup code expired",
diff --git a/docs/.generated/plugin-sdk-api-baseline.sha256 b/docs/.generated/plugin-sdk-api-baseline.sha256
index 2d52fd1f85d5..f9b4f3c24fb2 100644
--- a/docs/.generated/plugin-sdk-api-baseline.sha256
+++ b/docs/.generated/plugin-sdk-api-baseline.sha256
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ b013053a61e7d9be3d0c683c02baf57fa7e4393ec54e0df6a46ab0f2fe2348fd  module/extensi
 e2d4a336857b4bdc98137162d16a683d8aa39b46028b74deb731b9f939efc62b  module/file-access-runtime
 d13708bc224297df10a7f91e244f87e822fef9d71e2ca799442a49e42b6868c5  module/file-lock
 ceacad83db01c66e7be6aa21a291597020f13f737b697690eae7d47098e6499a  module/gateway-method-runtime
-ce90af5578795d6e1cd2e9e3db5018071e57e0b21d67dfe8b8e847c0dfec5bcc  module/gateway-runtime
+1b8eea4bad785031864822f0f07dc03cbe8670e76e0c3ee8fa51c7a2ee5c5e15  module/gateway-runtime
 4611de9835515711d641f0f3e48d3c4e528afc343d5e5934fe3ed62072955511  module/global-singleton
 6062869202e3d7fdaa1f6801d6c1df7bf7406b8118cc4c7167ed409f5257b05c  module/group-access
 5e672df8c679d90e2e61b30d08cc9de8f1a1cac439e7020869b088ee9ab4e5ce  module/group-activation
diff --git a/docs/gateway/operator-scopes.md b/docs/gateway/operator-scopes.md
index 9afcc492a891..ff28930224b9 100644
--- a/docs/gateway/operator-scopes.md
+++ b/docs/gateway/operator-scopes.md
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ require the `node` role.
 | `operator.admin`        | Administrative access. Satisfies every `operator.*` scope. Required for config mutation, updates, native hooks, reserved namespaces, and high-risk approvals. |
 | `operator.pairing`      | Device and node pairing management: list, approve, reject, remove, rotate, revoke.                                                                            |
 | `operator.approvals`    | Exec and plugin approval APIs.                                                                                                                                |
+| `operator.questions`    | Listing, reading, answering, and resolving interactive questions.                                                                                             |
 | `operator.talk.secrets` | Reading Talk configuration with secrets included.                                                                                                             |
 
 Unknown future `operator.*` scopes require an exact match unless the caller
@@ -44,8 +45,18 @@ already holds `operator.admin`.
 ## Method scope is only the first gate
 
 Each Gateway RPC has a least-privilege method scope that decides whether a
-request reaches its handler. Some handlers then apply stricter checks based on
-the concrete thing being approved or mutated:
+request reaches its handler. Params-aware methods derive that scope before
+dispatch so authorization failures have one canonical structured response:
+
+- `agent` needs `operator.write` for ordinary turns and `operator.admin` for
+  `/new` or `/reset` session lifecycle commands.
+- `node.invoke` needs `operator.write` for ordinary relay commands and
+  `operator.admin` for `browser.proxy`, `fs.listDir`, and `terminal.upload`.
+- `talk.config` needs `operator.read`; `includeSecrets: true` also needs
+  `operator.talk.secrets`.
+
+Some handlers then apply stricter checks based on the concrete thing being
+approved or mutated:
 
 - `device.pair.approve` is reachable with `operator.pairing`, but approving an
   operator device can only mint or preserve scopes the caller already holds.
@@ -77,8 +88,8 @@ Approving a device request:
   `operator.admin`, even though `device.pair.approve` itself only needs
   `operator.pairing`.
 - A request for `operator.read`, `operator.write`, `operator.approvals`,
-  `operator.pairing`, or `operator.talk.secrets` requires the caller to already
-  hold that scope, or `operator.admin`.
+  `operator.questions`, `operator.pairing`, or `operator.talk.secrets` requires
+  the caller to already hold that scope, or `operator.admin`.
 - A request for `operator.admin` requires `operator.admin`.
 - A repair request with no explicit scopes can inherit the existing operator
   token's scopes; if that token is admin-scoped, approval still requires
@@ -113,8 +124,8 @@ Approving a node declaration does not enable commands that have a separate
 runtime allowlist gate. For example, approving a node that declares
 `computer.act` requires pairing plus write scope, but only records the surface.
 An administrator or owner must still arm `computer.act`. While it remains
-armed, invoking it through the write-scoped `node.invoke` method does not
-require admin scope for each action.
+armed, invoking it through `node.invoke` requires write scope, but not admin
+scope for each action.
 
 Node pairing establishes identity and trust; it does not replace a node's own
 `system.run` exec approval policy.
diff --git a/docs/gateway/protocol.md b/docs/gateway/protocol.md
index 4e48c5d0abac..eb0ab9d0fe91 100644
--- a/docs/gateway/protocol.md
+++ b/docs/gateway/protocol.md
@@ -40,6 +40,11 @@ missing-scope details:
   `requiredScopes` is the complete known scope set for the requested operation.
   The legacy `missing scope: <scope>` message is retained for older clients.
 
+Clients should read `details` first and use the legacy message only as a compatibility
+fallback. `readMissingScopeError` and `readMissingScopeErrorDetails` are exported from
+`@openclaw/gateway-protocol/gateway-error-details`; the browser-safe gateway client
+re-exports them from `@openclaw/gateway-client/browser`.
+
 The schemas are exported as `GatewayErrorDetailsSchema`,
 `MissingScopeErrorDetailsSchema` from `@openclaw/gateway-protocol/schema`.
 HTTP scope failures mirror the `MISSING_SCOPE` object under `error.details` and
diff --git a/packages/gateway-client/src/browser.ts b/packages/gateway-client/src/browser.ts
index beabbb43854d..e80a68b25b72 100644
--- a/packages/gateway-client/src/browser.ts
+++ b/packages/gateway-client/src/browser.ts
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ export * from "./reconnect-policy.js";
 export { DEFAULT_PREAUTH_HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT_MS } from "./timeouts.js";
 export * from "@openclaw/gateway-protocol/client-info";
 export * from "@openclaw/gateway-protocol/connect-error-details";
+export * from "@openclaw/gateway-protocol/gateway-error-details";
 export * from "@openclaw/gateway-protocol/startup-unavailable";
 export * from "@openclaw/gateway-protocol/version";
 export type { ConnectParams, ErrorShape, EventFrame, HelloOk } from "@openclaw/gateway-protocol";
diff --git a/packages/gateway-protocol/package.json b/packages/gateway-protocol/package.json
index fcda431948d7..5697d0fd7499 100644
--- a/packages/gateway-protocol/package.json
+++ b/packages/gateway-protocol/package.json
@@ -29,6 +29,11 @@
       "import": "./dist/frame-guards.mjs",
       "default": "./dist/frame-guards.mjs"
     },
+    "./gateway-error-details": {
+      "types": "./dist/gateway-error-details.d.mts",
+      "import": "./dist/gateway-error-details.mjs",
+      "default": "./dist/gateway-error-details.mjs"
+    },
     "./schema": {
       "types": "./dist/schema.d.mts",
       "import": "./dist/schema.mjs",
@@ -46,7 +51,7 @@
     }
   },
   "scripts": {
-    "build": "tsdown src/index.ts src/client-info.ts src/connect-error-details.ts src/frame-guards.ts src/schema.ts src/startup-unavailable.ts src/version.ts --no-config --platform node --format esm --dts --out-dir dist --clean"
+    "build": "tsdown src/index.ts src/client-info.ts src/connect-error-details.ts src/frame-guards.ts src/gateway-error-details.ts src/schema.ts src/startup-unavailable.ts src/version.ts --no-config --platform node --format esm --dts --out-dir dist --clean"
   },
   "dependencies": {
     "typebox": "1.3.3"
diff --git a/packages/gateway-protocol/src/gateway-error-details.ts b/packages/gateway-protocol/src/gateway-error-details.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..594b86265c34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/gateway-protocol/src/gateway-error-details.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+/** Gateway JSON-RPC style error codes shared by clients and server handlers. */
+export const ErrorCodes = {
+  /** Client has not completed account/device linking for this gateway. */
+  NOT_LINKED: "NOT_LINKED",
+  /** Device exists but still needs an explicit pairing approval. */
+  NOT_PAIRED: "NOT_PAIRED",
+  /** Agent turn exceeded the gateway wait window. */
+  AGENT_TIMEOUT: "AGENT_TIMEOUT",
+  /** Request payload failed protocol validation or method preconditions. */
+  INVALID_REQUEST: "INVALID_REQUEST",
+  /** Authenticated caller lacks permission for the requested operation. */
+  FORBIDDEN: "FORBIDDEN",
+  /** Approval resolution referenced a missing or expired approval request. */
+  APPROVAL_NOT_FOUND: "APPROVAL_NOT_FOUND",
+  /** Gateway service or required backend is temporarily unavailable. */
+  UNAVAILABLE: "UNAVAILABLE",
+} as const;
+
+/** Closed set of canonical gateway error code strings. */
+export type ErrorCode = (typeof ErrorCodes)[keyof typeof ErrorCodes];
+
+/** Stable discriminants for structured method-level authorization failures. */
+export const GatewayErrorDetailCodes = {
+  MISSING_SCOPE: "MISSING_SCOPE",
+} as const;
+
+/** Missing operator-scope details shared by WebSocket and HTTP responses. */
+export type MissingScopeErrorDetails = {
+  code: typeof GatewayErrorDetailCodes.MISSING_SCOPE;
+  missingScope: string;
+  requiredScopes: string[];
+};
+
+/** Structured details emitted by method-level authorization failures. */
+export type GatewayErrorDetails = MissingScopeErrorDetails;
+
+type GatewayErrorLike = {
+  code?: unknown;
+  gatewayCode?: unknown;
+  message?: unknown;
+  details?: unknown;
+};
+
+const LEGACY_MISSING_SCOPE_PATTERN = /\bmissing scope:\s*([a-z0-9._-]+)/i;
+
+function asRecord(value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> | null {
+  return value !== null && typeof value === "object" && !Array.isArray(value)
+    ? (value as Record<string, unknown>)
+    : null;
+}
+
+/** Reads validated missing-scope details from an untrusted protocol payload. */
+export function readMissingScopeErrorDetails(details: unknown): MissingScopeErrorDetails | null {
+  const record = asRecord(details);
+  if (record?.code !== GatewayErrorDetailCodes.MISSING_SCOPE) {
+    return null;
+  }
+  const missingScope = typeof record.missingScope === "string" ? record.missingScope.trim() : "";
+  const requiredScopes = Array.isArray(record.requiredScopes)
+    ? record.requiredScopes.map((scope) => (typeof scope === "string" ? scope.trim() : ""))
+    : [];
+  if (!missingScope || requiredScopes.length === 0 || requiredScopes.some((scope) => !scope)) {
+    return null;
+  }
+  return {
+    code: GatewayErrorDetailCodes.MISSING_SCOPE,
+    missingScope,
+    requiredScopes,
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Reads a method-level missing-scope failure, preferring structured details.
+ * The message fallback keeps clients compatible with gateways predating structured details.
+ */
+export function readMissingScopeError(error: unknown): MissingScopeErrorDetails | null {
+  const record = asRecord(error);
+  if (!record) {
+    return null;
+  }
+  const structured = readMissingScopeErrorDetails(record.details);
+  if (structured) {
+    return structured;
+  }
+  const gatewayError = record as GatewayErrorLike;
+  const code =
+    typeof gatewayError.gatewayCode === "string"
+      ? gatewayError.gatewayCode
+      : typeof gatewayError.code === "string"
+        ? gatewayError.code
+        : "";
+  if (code !== ErrorCodes.FORBIDDEN && code !== ErrorCodes.INVALID_REQUEST) {
+    return null;
+  }
+  const message = typeof gatewayError.message === "string" ? gatewayError.message : "";
+  const missingScope = message.match(LEGACY_MISSING_SCOPE_PATTERN)?.[1];
+  return missingScope
+    ? {
+        code: GatewayErrorDetailCodes.MISSING_SCOPE,
+        missingScope,
+        requiredScopes: [missingScope],
+      }
+    : null;
+}
diff --git a/packages/gateway-protocol/src/index.ts b/packages/gateway-protocol/src/index.ts
index c4aa2bce3253..941fdd7c9bec 100644
--- a/packages/gateway-protocol/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/gateway-protocol/src/index.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 export * from "./clawhub-trust-error-details.js";
+export { readMissingScopeError, readMissingScopeErrorDetails } from "./gateway-error-details.js";
 export * from "./session-icon.js";
 export * from "./terminal-validators.js";
 export {
diff --git a/packages/gateway-protocol/src/schema/error-codes.test.ts b/packages/gateway-protocol/src/schema/error-codes.test.ts
index 3b6356ab8067..2a1d070121ef 100644
--- a/packages/gateway-protocol/src/schema/error-codes.test.ts
+++ b/packages/gateway-protocol/src/schema/error-codes.test.ts
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ import {
   GatewayErrorDetailsSchema,
   MissingScopeErrorDetailsSchema,
   missingScopeErrorShape,
+  readMissingScopeError,
+  readMissingScopeErrorDetails,
 } from "./error-codes.js";
 
 describe("gateway error details", () => {
@@ -49,4 +51,58 @@ describe("gateway error details", () => {
       requiredScopes: ["operator.admin"],
     });
   });
+
+  it("reads structured missing-scope details without parsing the message", () => {
+    expect(
+      readMissingScopeError({
+        code: ErrorCodes.FORBIDDEN,
+        message: "permission denied",
+        details: {
+          code: GatewayErrorDetailCodes.MISSING_SCOPE,
+          missingScope: "operator.questions",
+          requiredScopes: ["operator.read", "operator.questions"],
+        },
+      }),
+    ).toEqual({
+      code: GatewayErrorDetailCodes.MISSING_SCOPE,
+      missingScope: "operator.questions",
+      requiredScopes: ["operator.read", "operator.questions"],
+    });
+  });
+
+  it("falls back to the legacy message only for authorization error codes", () => {
+    expect(
+      readMissingScopeError({
+        gatewayCode: ErrorCodes.INVALID_REQUEST,
+        message: "missing scope: operator.read",
+      }),
+    ).toEqual({
+      code: GatewayErrorDetailCodes.MISSING_SCOPE,
+      missingScope: "operator.read",
+      requiredScopes: ["operator.read"],
+    });
+    expect(
+      readMissingScopeError({
+        code: ErrorCodes.UNAVAILABLE,
+        message: "missing scope: operator.read",
+      }),
+    ).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  it("rejects malformed structured details", () => {
+    expect(
+      readMissingScopeErrorDetails({
+        code: GatewayErrorDetailCodes.MISSING_SCOPE,
+        missingScope: "operator.read",
+        requiredScopes: [],
+      }),
+    ).toBeNull();
+    expect(
+      readMissingScopeErrorDetails({
+        code: GatewayErrorDetailCodes.MISSING_SCOPE,
+        missingScope: "operator.read",
+        requiredScopes: ["operator.read", 42],
+      }),
+    ).toBeNull();
+  });
 });
diff --git a/packages/gateway-protocol/src/schema/error-codes.ts b/packages/gateway-protocol/src/schema/error-codes.ts
index 3fc69347326b..28790e87e176 100644
--- a/packages/gateway-protocol/src/schema/error-codes.ts
+++ b/packages/gateway-protocol/src/schema/error-codes.ts
@@ -1,35 +1,24 @@
 // Gateway Protocol schema module defines protocol validation shapes.
-import type { Static } from "typebox";
 import { Type } from "typebox";
+import {
+  ErrorCodes,
+  GatewayErrorDetailCodes,
+  type ErrorCode,
+  type MissingScopeErrorDetails,
+} from "../gateway-error-details.js";
 import { closedObject } from "./closed-object.js";
 import type { ErrorShape } from "./frames.js";
 import { NonEmptyString } from "./primitives.js";
 
-/** Gateway JSON-RPC style error codes shared by clients and server handlers. */
-export const ErrorCodes = {
-  /** Client has not completed account/device linking for this gateway. */
-  NOT_LINKED: "NOT_LINKED",
-  /** Device exists but still needs an explicit pairing approval. */
-  NOT_PAIRED: "NOT_PAIRED",
-  /** Agent turn exceeded the gateway wait window. */
-  AGENT_TIMEOUT: "AGENT_TIMEOUT",
-  /** Request payload failed protocol validation or method preconditions. */
-  INVALID_REQUEST: "INVALID_REQUEST",
-  /** Authenticated caller lacks permission for the requested operation. */
-  FORBIDDEN: "FORBIDDEN",
-  /** Approval resolution referenced a missing or expired approval request. */
-  APPROVAL_NOT_FOUND: "APPROVAL_NOT_FOUND",
-  /** Gateway service or required backend is temporarily unavailable. */
-  UNAVAILABLE: "UNAVAILABLE",
-} as const;
-
-/** Closed set of canonical gateway error code strings. */
-export type ErrorCode = (typeof ErrorCodes)[keyof typeof ErrorCodes];
-
-/** Stable discriminants for structured method-level authorization failures. */
-export const GatewayErrorDetailCodes = {
-  MISSING_SCOPE: "MISSING_SCOPE",
-} as const;
+export {
+  ErrorCodes,
+  GatewayErrorDetailCodes,
+  type ErrorCode,
+  type GatewayErrorDetails,
+  type MissingScopeErrorDetails,
+  readMissingScopeError,
+  readMissingScopeErrorDetails,
+} from "../gateway-error-details.js";
 
 /** Missing operator-scope details shared by WebSocket and HTTP responses. */
 export const MissingScopeErrorDetailsSchema = closedObject({
@@ -41,9 +30,6 @@ export const MissingScopeErrorDetailsSchema = closedObject({
 /** Structured details emitted by method-level authorization failures. */
 export const GatewayErrorDetailsSchema = MissingScopeErrorDetailsSchema;
 
-export type MissingScopeErrorDetails = Static<typeof MissingScopeErrorDetailsSchema>;
-export type GatewayErrorDetails = Static<typeof GatewayErrorDetailsSchema>;
-
 /** Builds the canonical gateway error payload while preserving optional retry metadata. */
 export function errorShape(
   code: ErrorCode,
diff --git a/src/auto-reply/reply/commands-info.ts b/src/auto-reply/reply/commands-info.ts
index 1f238cff5d8b..8bc88fe3cb0f 100644
--- a/src/auto-reply/reply/commands-info.ts
+++ b/src/auto-reply/reply/commands-info.ts
@@ -236,14 +236,12 @@ export const handleToolsCommand: CommandHandler = async (params, allowTextComman
       shouldContinue: false,
       reply: { text: buildToolsMessage(result, { verbose }) },
     };
-  } catch (err) {
-    const message = String(err);
-    const text = message.includes("missing scope:")
-      ? "You do not have permission to view available tools."
-      : "Couldn't load available tools right now. Try again in a moment.";
+  } catch {
+    // Inventory resolves in-process after sender authorization; this path cannot receive
+    // gateway RPC scope errors, so failures here are local discovery failures.
     return {
       shouldContinue: false,
-      reply: { text },
+      reply: { text: "Couldn't load available tools right now. Try again in a moment." },
     };
   }
 };
diff --git a/src/cli/nodes-cli/rpc.ts b/src/cli/nodes-cli/rpc.ts
index 482c941750db..b8991762f83d 100644
--- a/src/cli/nodes-cli/rpc.ts
+++ b/src/cli/nodes-cli/rpc.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 import { randomUUID } from "node:crypto";
 import { normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty } from "@openclaw/normalization-core/string-coerce";
 import type { Command } from "commander";
+import { readConnectErrorDetailCode } from "../../../packages/gateway-protocol/src/connect-error-details.js";
+import { readMissingScopeError } from "../../../packages/gateway-protocol/src/gateway-error-details.js";
 import type { OperatorScope } from "../../gateway/method-scopes.js";
 import {
   parseStrictFiniteNumber,
@@ -32,18 +34,6 @@ const STORED_DEVICE_AUTH_FALLBACK_DETAIL_CODES = new Set([
   "PAIRING_REQUIRED",
 ]);
 
-function readGatewayClientRequestDetailCode(value: unknown): string | null {
-  if (!(value instanceof Error) || value.name !== "GatewayClientRequestError") {
-    return null;
-  }
-  const details = (value as Error & { details?: unknown }).details;
-  if (!details || typeof details !== "object") {
-    return null;
-  }
-  const code = (details as { code?: unknown }).code;
-  return typeof code === "string" ? code : null;
-}
-
 function isDiagnosticsAuthFallbackError(value: unknown): value is Error {
   if (
     value instanceof Error &&
@@ -53,16 +43,15 @@ function isDiagnosticsAuthFallbackError(value: unknown): value is Error {
   ) {
     return true;
   }
-  const detailCode = readGatewayClientRequestDetailCode(value);
+  if (!(value instanceof Error) || value.name !== "GatewayClientRequestError") {
+    return false;
+  }
+  const details = (value as Error & { details?: unknown }).details;
+  const detailCode = readConnectErrorDetailCode(details);
   if (detailCode !== null && STORED_DEVICE_AUTH_FALLBACK_DETAIL_CODES.has(detailCode)) {
     return true;
   }
-  return (
-    value instanceof Error &&
-    value.name === "GatewayClientRequestError" &&
-    (value as Error & { gatewayCode?: unknown }).gatewayCode === "INVALID_REQUEST" &&
-    value.message.includes("missing scope: operator.read")
-  );
+  return readMissingScopeError(value)?.missingScope === "operator.read";
 }
 
 function isUnknownGatewayMethodError(value: unknown, method: string): value is Error {
diff --git a/src/cli/program.nodes-basic.e2e.test.ts b/src/cli/program.nodes-basic.e2e.test.ts
index b849a17311e9..6c419f57807d 100644
--- a/src/cli/program.nodes-basic.e2e.test.ts
+++ b/src/cli/program.nodes-basic.e2e.test.ts
@@ -728,9 +728,14 @@ describe("cli program (nodes basics)", () => {
         useStoredDeviceAuth?: boolean;
       };
       if (opts.method === "node.list" && opts.useStoredDeviceAuth) {
-        throw Object.assign(new Error("missing scope: operator.read"), {
+        throw Object.assign(new Error("permission denied"), {
           name: "GatewayClientRequestError",
-          gatewayCode: "INVALID_REQUEST",
+          gatewayCode: "FORBIDDEN",
+          details: {
+            code: "MISSING_SCOPE",
+            missingScope: "operator.read",
+            requiredScopes: ["operator.read"],
+          },
         });
       }
       if (opts.method === "node.list" && opts.scopes?.includes("operator.pairing")) {
diff --git a/src/commands/gateway-status/helpers.test.ts b/src/commands/gateway-status/helpers.test.ts
index 22f5371ad1d2..8af9fc3a2b20 100644
--- a/src/commands/gateway-status/helpers.test.ts
+++ b/src/commands/gateway-status/helpers.test.ts
@@ -252,6 +252,32 @@ describe("probe reachability classification", () => {
     );
   });
 
+  it("uses structured missing-scope probe details before the display message", () => {
+    const probe = {
+      ok: false,
+      url: "ws://127.0.0.1:18789",
+      connectLatencyMs: 51,
+      error: "permission denied",
+      missingScopeErrorDetails: {
+        code: "MISSING_SCOPE" as const,
+        missingScope: "operator.read",
+        requiredScopes: ["operator.read"],
+      },
+      close: null,
+      auth: {
+        role: "operator",
+        scopes: ["operator.write"],
+        capability: "write_capable" as const,
+      },
+      health: null,
+      status: null,
+      presence: null,
+      configSnapshot: null,
+    };
+
+    expect(isScopeLimitedProbeFailure(probe)).toBe(true);
+  });
+
   it("treats post-connect read failures as reachable with failed diagnostics", () => {
     const probe = {
       ok: false,
diff --git a/src/commands/gateway-status/helpers.ts b/src/commands/gateway-status/helpers.ts
index 8176101b2900..6af618536dae 100644
--- a/src/commands/gateway-status/helpers.ts
+++ b/src/commands/gateway-status/helpers.ts
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import type { GatewayProbeCapability, GatewayProbeResult } from "../../gateway/p
 import { inspectBestEffortPrimaryTailnetIPv4 } from "../../infra/network-discovery-display.js";
 import { parseStrictInteger } from "../../infra/parse-finite-number.js";
 
-const MISSING_SCOPE_PATTERN = /\bmissing scope:\s*[a-z0-9._-]+/i;
+const LEGACY_MISSING_SCOPE_PATTERN = /\bmissing scope:\s*[a-z0-9._-]+/i;
 
 type TargetKind = "explicit" | "configRemote" | "localLoopback" | "sshTunnel";
 
@@ -296,7 +296,10 @@ export function isScopeLimitedProbeFailure(probe: GatewayProbeResult): boolean {
   if (probe.ok || probe.connectLatencyMs == null) {
     return false;
   }
-  return MISSING_SCOPE_PATTERN.test(probe.error ?? "");
+  if (probe.missingScopeErrorDetails) {
+    return probe.missingScopeErrorDetails.missingScope === "operator.read";
+  }
+  return LEGACY_MISSING_SCOPE_PATTERN.test(probe.error ?? "");
 }
 
 /** Returns true when the gateway connection was established but a later probe failed. */
diff --git a/src/gateway/agent-command-policy.ts b/src/gateway/agent-command-policy.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..3c06ccaeadb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/gateway/agent-command-policy.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+/** Commands routed through `agent` that mutate session lifecycle state. */
+export const AGENT_SESSION_RESET_COMMAND_RE = /^\/(new|reset)(?:\s+([\s\S]*))?$/i;
+
+/** Returns true when an agent message requests a session reset. */
+export function isAgentSessionResetCommand(message: unknown): boolean {
+  return typeof message === "string" && AGENT_SESSION_RESET_COMMAND_RE.test(message);
+}
diff --git a/src/gateway/method-scopes.test.ts b/src/gateway/method-scopes.test.ts
index 53b5e18a32c9..2f69e65a059f 100644
--- a/src/gateway/method-scopes.test.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/method-scopes.test.ts
@@ -117,6 +117,60 @@ describe("method scope resolution", () => {
     expect(resolveLeastPrivilegeOperatorScopesForMethod("node.pending.drain")).toStrictEqual([]);
   });
 
+  it("raises agent reset commands from write to admin scope", () => {
+    expect(resolveLeastPrivilegeOperatorScopesForMethod("agent", { message: "hello" })).toEqual([
+      "operator.write",
+    ]);
+    expect(resolveLeastPrivilegeOperatorScopesForMethod("agent", { message: "/reset" })).toEqual([
+      "operator.admin",
+    ]);
+    expect(
+      resolveLeastPrivilegeOperatorScopesForMethod("agent", { message: "/new follow up" }),
+    ).toEqual(["operator.admin"]);
+    expect(
+      authorizeOperatorScopesForMethod("agent", ["operator.write"], { message: "/reset" }),
+    ).toEqual({ allowed: false, missingScope: "operator.admin" });
+  });
+
+  it("raises host-sensitive node commands from write to admin scope", () => {
+    expect(
+      resolveLeastPrivilegeOperatorScopesForMethod("node.invoke", { command: "device.info" }),
+    ).toEqual(["operator.write"]);
+    expect(
+      resolveLeastPrivilegeOperatorScopesForMethod("node.invoke", { command: "browser.proxy" }),
+    ).toEqual(["operator.admin"]);
+    expect(
+      authorizeOperatorScopesForMethod("node.invoke", ["operator.write"], {
+        command: "fs.listDir",
+      }),
+    ).toEqual({ allowed: false, missingScope: "operator.admin" });
+    expect(
+      resolveLeastPrivilegeOperatorScopesForMethod("node.invoke", {
+        command: "browser.proxy",
+        params: { method: "POST", path: "/profiles/create" },
+      }),
+    ).toEqual(["operator.write"]);
+  });
+
+  it("adds talk secret scope only when unredacted config is requested", () => {
+    expect(resolveLeastPrivilegeOperatorScopesForMethod("talk.config", {})).toEqual([
+      "operator.read",
+    ]);
+    expect(
+      resolveLeastPrivilegeOperatorScopesForMethod("talk.config", { includeSecrets: true }),
+    ).toEqual(["operator.read", "operator.talk.secrets"]);
+    expect(
+      authorizeOperatorScopesForMethod("talk.config", ["operator.read"], {
+        includeSecrets: true,
+      }),
+    ).toEqual({ allowed: false, missingScope: "operator.talk.secrets" });
+    expect(
+      authorizeOperatorScopesForMethod("talk.config", ["operator.read", "operator.talk.secrets"], {
+        includeSecrets: true,
+      }),
+    ).toEqual({ allowed: true });
+  });
+
   it("classifies plugin session actions with a CLI-safe default operator scope", () => {
     expect(resolveLeastPrivilegeOperatorScopesForMethod("plugins.sessionAction")).toEqual([
       "operator.write",
diff --git a/src/gateway/method-scopes.ts b/src/gateway/method-scopes.ts
index 3a14dee516bc..455f10ae9b25 100644
--- a/src/gateway/method-scopes.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/method-scopes.ts
@@ -1,14 +1,17 @@
 // Gateway method authorization scope resolver.
 // Maps static and plugin-defined gateway methods to operator scopes.
 import { normalizeOptionalString as normalizeSessionActionParam } from "@openclaw/normalization-core/string-coerce";
+import { isAdminOnlyNodeInvokeCommand } from "../infra/node-commands.js";
 import { getPluginRegistryState } from "../plugins/runtime-state.js";
 import { resolveReservedGatewayMethodScope } from "../shared/gateway-method-policy.js";
+import { isAgentSessionResetCommand } from "./agent-command-policy.js";
 import {
   isCoreGatewayMethodClassified,
   isCoreNodeGatewayMethod,
   isDynamicOperatorGatewayMethod,
   resolveCoreOperatorGatewayMethodScope,
 } from "./methods/core-descriptors.js";
+import { isForbiddenBrowserProxyMutation } from "./node-browser-proxy-policy.js";
 import {
   ADMIN_SCOPE,
   APPROVALS_SCOPE,
@@ -161,6 +164,33 @@ function resolveDynamicLeastPrivilegeOperatorScopesForMethod(
   if (method === "plugins.sessionAction") {
     return resolveSessionActionLeastPrivilegeScopes(params);
   }
+  if (method === "agent") {
+    const message =
+      params && typeof params === "object" && !Array.isArray(params)
+        ? (params as { message?: unknown }).message
+        : undefined;
+    return isAgentSessionResetCommand(message) ? [ADMIN_SCOPE] : [WRITE_SCOPE];
+  }
+  if (method === "node.invoke") {
+    const record =
+      params && typeof params === "object" && !Array.isArray(params)
+        ? (params as { command?: unknown; params?: unknown })
+        : undefined;
+    const command = record?.command;
+    // Invalid persistent-profile mutations must reach the handler's precise fail-closed
+    // rejection instead of being disguised as an admin-scope failure.
+    if (command === "browser.proxy" && isForbiddenBrowserProxyMutation(record?.params)) {
+      return [WRITE_SCOPE];
+    }
+    return isAdminOnlyNodeInvokeCommand(command) ? [ADMIN_SCOPE] : [WRITE_SCOPE];
+  }
+  if (method === "talk.config") {
+    const includeSecrets =
+      params && typeof params === "object" && !Array.isArray(params)
+        ? (params as { includeSecrets?: unknown }).includeSecrets
+        : undefined;
+    return includeSecrets === true ? [READ_SCOPE, TALK_SECRETS_SCOPE] : [READ_SCOPE];
+  }
   if (method === "sessions.patch") {
     return resolveSessionsPatchRequiredScopes(params);
   }
@@ -237,40 +267,26 @@ export function authorizeOperatorScopesForMethod(
     return { allowed: true };
   }
   if (isDynamicOperatorGatewayMethod(method)) {
-    if (method === "sessions.create") {
-      const missingScope = findMissingOperatorScope(
-        resolveSessionsCreateRequiredScopes(params),
-        scopes,
-      );
-      return missingScope ? { allowed: false, missingScope } : { allowed: true };
-    }
-    if (method === "sessions.patch") {
-      const missingScope = findMissingOperatorScope(
-        resolveSessionsPatchRequiredScopes(params),
-        scopes,
-      );
-      return missingScope ? { allowed: false, missingScope } : { allowed: true };
-    }
-    if (method === "sessions.delete") {
-      const missingScope = findMissingOperatorScope(
-        resolveSessionsDeleteRequiredScopes(params),
-        scopes,
-      );
-      return missingScope ? { allowed: false, missingScope } : { allowed: true };
-    }
-    const registeredScopes = resolveSessionActionRegisteredScopes(params);
-    if (!registeredScopes && params && typeof params === "object" && !Array.isArray(params)) {
-      const pluginId = normalizeSessionActionParam((params as { pluginId?: unknown }).pluginId);
-      const actionId = normalizeSessionActionParam((params as { actionId?: unknown }).actionId);
-      if (!pluginId || !actionId) {
-        // Malformed dynamic params cannot be matched to a plugin action. Any valid operator scope
-        // may proceed so the handler can return the precise validation error.
-        return scopes.some((scope) => isOperatorScope(scope))
-          ? { allowed: true }
-          : { allowed: false, missingScope: WRITE_SCOPE };
+    if (method === "plugins.sessionAction") {
+      const registeredScopes = resolveSessionActionRegisteredScopes(params);
+      if (!registeredScopes && params && typeof params === "object" && !Array.isArray(params)) {
+        const pluginId = normalizeSessionActionParam((params as { pluginId?: unknown }).pluginId);
+        const actionId = normalizeSessionActionParam((params as { actionId?: unknown }).actionId);
+        if (!pluginId || !actionId) {
+          // Malformed dynamic params cannot be matched to a plugin action. Any valid operator scope
+          // may proceed so the handler can return the precise validation error.
+          return scopes.some((scope) => isOperatorScope(scope))
+            ? { allowed: true }
+            : { allowed: false, missingScope: WRITE_SCOPE };
+        }
       }
+      const missingScope = findMissingOperatorScope(registeredScopes ?? [WRITE_SCOPE], scopes);
+      return missingScope ? { allowed: false, missingScope } : { allowed: true };
     }
-    const missingScope = findMissingOperatorScope(registeredScopes ?? [WRITE_SCOPE], scopes);
+    const missingScope = findMissingOperatorScope(
+      resolveDynamicLeastPrivilegeOperatorScopesForMethod(method, params),
+      scopes,
+    );
     return missingScope ? { allowed: false, missingScope } : { allowed: true };
   }
   const requiredScope = resolveRequiredOperatorScopeForMethod(method) ?? ADMIN_SCOPE;
diff --git a/src/gateway/methods/core-descriptors.ts b/src/gateway/methods/core-descriptors.ts
index fb60feea4e1b..46e2e61d848d 100644
--- a/src/gateway/methods/core-descriptors.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/methods/core-descriptors.ts
@@ -84,7 +84,8 @@ const CORE_GATEWAY_METHOD_SPECS: readonly CoreGatewayMethodSpec[] = [
   { name: "wizard.cancel", scope: "operator.admin" },
   { name: "wizard.status", scope: "operator.admin" },
   { name: "talk.catalog", scope: "operator.read" },
-  { name: "talk.config", scope: "operator.read" },
+  // Params-aware: reading redacted config needs read; includeSecrets also needs talk secrets.
+  { name: "talk.config", scope: "dynamic" },
   { name: "talk.client.create", scope: "operator.write" },
   { name: "talk.client.toolCall", scope: "operator.write" },
   { name: "talk.client.steer", scope: "operator.write" },
@@ -243,7 +244,8 @@ const CORE_GATEWAY_METHOD_SPECS: readonly CoreGatewayMethodSpec[] = [
   { name: "node.skills.update", scope: "node" },
   { name: "node.pending.drain", scope: "node" },
   { name: "node.pending.enqueue", scope: "operator.write" },
-  { name: "node.invoke", scope: "operator.write" },
+  // Params-aware: host-sensitive commands raise direct invocation from write to admin.
+  { name: "node.invoke", scope: "dynamic" },
   { name: "node.pending.pull", scope: "node" },
   { name: "node.pending.ack", scope: "node" },
   { name: "node.invoke.progress", scope: "node" },
@@ -267,7 +269,8 @@ const CORE_GATEWAY_METHOD_SPECS: readonly CoreGatewayMethodSpec[] = [
   { name: "conversations.turn", scope: "operator.admin" },
   { name: "conversations.turn.cancel", scope: "operator.admin" },
   { name: "send", scope: "operator.write" },
-  { name: "agent", scope: "operator.write" },
+  // Params-aware: ordinary turns need write; /new and /reset mutate lifecycle state as admin.
+  { name: "agent", scope: "dynamic" },
   { name: "agent.identity.get", scope: "operator.read" },
   { name: "agent.wait", scope: "operator.write", startup: true },
   { name: "chat.history", scope: "operator.read", startup: true },
diff --git a/src/gateway/server-methods/node-browser-proxy.ts b/src/gateway/node-browser-proxy-policy.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/gateway/server-methods/node-browser-proxy.ts
rename to src/gateway/node-browser-proxy-policy.ts
diff --git a/src/gateway/probe.test.ts b/src/gateway/probe.test.ts
index a4d2cc08dbe8..5d07e70b86d0 100644
--- a/src/gateway/probe.test.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/probe.test.ts
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ const gatewayClientState = vi.hoisted(() => ({
     reason: "scope-upgrade",
     requestId: "req-123",
   } as Record<string, unknown> | null,
+  requestError: null as { code: string; message: string; details?: unknown } | null,
   stopCalls: 0,
   stopAndWaitCalls: [] as Array<{ timeoutMs?: number } | undefined>,
   stopAndWaitMode: "resolve" as "resolve" | "defer" | "reject",
@@ -55,10 +56,15 @@ const eventLoopReadyState = vi.hoisted(() => ({
 }));
 
 class MockGatewayClientRequestError extends Error {
+  readonly code: string;
+  readonly gatewayCode: string;
   readonly details?: unknown;
 
-  constructor(error: { message?: string; details?: unknown }) {
+  constructor(error: { code?: string; message?: string; details?: unknown }) {
     super(error.message ?? "gateway request failed");
+    this.name = "GatewayClientRequestError";
+    this.code = error.code ?? "UNAVAILABLE";
+    this.gatewayCode = this.code;
     this.details = error.details;
   }
 }
@@ -143,6 +149,9 @@ class MockGatewayClient {
 
   async request(method: string): Promise<unknown> {
     gatewayClientState.requests.push(method);
+    if (gatewayClientState.requestError) {
+      throw new MockGatewayClientRequestError(gatewayClientState.requestError);
+    }
     if (method === "system-presence") {
       return [];
     }
@@ -303,6 +312,7 @@ describe("probeGateway", () => {
       reason: "scope-upgrade",
       requestId: "req-123",
     };
+    gatewayClientState.requestError = null;
     gatewayClientState.stopCalls = 0;
     gatewayClientState.stopAndWaitCalls = [];
     gatewayClientState.stopAndWaitMode = "resolve";
@@ -389,6 +399,33 @@ describe("probeGateway", () => {
     });
   });
 
+  it("preserves structured missing-scope details from a post-connect request", async () => {
+    gatewayClientState.helloAuth = {
+      role: "operator",
+      scopes: ["operator.write"],
+    };
+    gatewayClientState.requestError = {
+      code: "FORBIDDEN",
+      message: "permission denied",
+      details: {
+        code: "MISSING_SCOPE",
+        missingScope: "operator.read",
+        requiredScopes: ["operator.read"],
+      },
+    };
+
+    const result = await runTokenProbe();
+
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(false);
+    expect(result.error).toBe("permission denied");
+    expect(result.connectLatencyMs).not.toBeNull();
+    expect(result.missingScopeErrorDetails).toEqual({
+      code: "MISSING_SCOPE",
+      missingScope: "operator.read",
+      requiredScopes: ["operator.read"],
+    });
+  });
+
   it("loads probe identity and cached device auth from the provided env", async () => {
     const env = {
       ...process.env,
diff --git a/src/gateway/probe.ts b/src/gateway/probe.ts
index 43a5e2ae3da6..424e812aa742 100644
--- a/src/gateway/probe.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/probe.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,10 @@ import {
   GATEWAY_CLIENT_MODES,
   GATEWAY_CLIENT_NAMES,
 } from "../../packages/gateway-protocol/src/client-info.js";
+import {
+  readMissingScopeError,
+  type MissingScopeErrorDetails,
+} from "../../packages/gateway-protocol/src/gateway-error-details.js";
 import { loadDeviceAuthToken } from "../infra/device-auth-store.js";
 import { formatErrorMessage } from "../infra/errors.js";
 import type { SystemPresence } from "../infra/system-presence.js";
@@ -49,6 +53,7 @@ export type GatewayProbeResult = {
   connectLatencyMs: number | null;
   error: string | null;
   connectErrorDetails?: unknown;
+  missingScopeErrorDetails?: MissingScopeErrorDetails;
   close: GatewayProbeClose | null;
   auth: GatewayProbeAuthSummary;
   server?: GatewayProbeServerSummary;
@@ -330,6 +335,7 @@ export async function probeGateway(opts: {
     const settleProbe = (params: {
       ok: boolean;
       error: string | null;
+      missingScopeErrorDetails?: MissingScopeErrorDetails;
       verifiedRead?: boolean;
       health: unknown;
       status: unknown;
@@ -340,6 +346,9 @@ export async function probeGateway(opts: {
         ok: params.ok,
         connectLatencyMs,
         error: params.error,
+        ...(params.missingScopeErrorDetails
+          ? { missingScopeErrorDetails: params.missingScopeErrorDetails }
+          : {}),
         connectErrorDetails,
         close,
         auth: resolveProbeAuthSummary({
@@ -477,9 +486,11 @@ export async function probeGateway(opts: {
             });
           } catch (err) {
             const error = formatErrorMessage(err);
+            const missingScopeErrorDetails = readMissingScopeError(err);
             settleProbe({
               ok: false,
               error,
+              ...(missingScopeErrorDetails ? { missingScopeErrorDetails } : {}),
               health: null,
               status: null,
               presence: null,
diff --git a/src/gateway/server-methods/agent-handler-helpers.ts b/src/gateway/server-methods/agent-handler-helpers.ts
index 0116c2a33d91..21ae632be94d 100644
--- a/src/gateway/server-methods/agent-handler-helpers.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/server-methods/agent-handler-helpers.ts
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ import {
 import { loadSessionEntry, resolveDeletedAgentIdFromSessionKey } from "../session-utils.js";
 import type { GatewayRequestHandlerOptions } from "./types.js";
 
-export const RESET_COMMAND_RE = /^\/(new|reset)(?:\s+([\s\S]*))?$/i;
 export const CRON_CONTINUATION_RELEASE_RECOVERY_DELAYS_MS = [250, 1_000, 4_000, 15_000] as const;
 
 export type RestoredCronContinuation = {
diff --git a/src/gateway/server-methods/agent-reset-phase.ts b/src/gateway/server-methods/agent-reset-phase.ts
index 358ab94cc824..ae0935e2de8c 100644
--- a/src/gateway/server-methods/agent-reset-phase.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/server-methods/agent-reset-phase.ts
@@ -2,13 +2,18 @@ import {
   normalizeOptionalLowercaseString,
   normalizeOptionalString,
 } from "@openclaw/normalization-core/string-coerce";
-import { ErrorCodes, errorShape } from "../../../packages/gateway-protocol/src/index.js";
+import {
+  ErrorCodes,
+  errorShape,
+  missingScopeErrorShape,
+} from "../../../packages/gateway-protocol/src/index.js";
 import type { OpenClawConfig } from "../../config/types.openclaw.js";
 import { assertAgentRunLifecycleGenerationCurrent } from "../../infra/agent-events.js";
+import { AGENT_SESSION_RESET_COMMAND_RE } from "../agent-command-policy.js";
 import { ADMIN_SCOPE } from "../method-scopes.js";
 import { formatForLog } from "../ws-log.js";
 import { setGatewayDedupeEntries } from "./agent-dedupe.js";
-import { clientHasAdminScope, RESET_COMMAND_RE } from "./agent-handler-helpers.js";
+import { clientHasAdminScope } from "./agent-handler-helpers.js";
 import type { AgentRunRequest } from "./agent-request-types.js";
 import {
   buildBareSessionResetResponse,
@@ -60,7 +65,7 @@ export async function runAgentResetPhase(params: {
     effectiveTranscriptInputText: params.effectiveTranscriptInputText,
     message: params.message,
   };
-  const resetCommandMatch = params.message.match(RESET_COMMAND_RE);
+  const resetCommandMatch = params.message.match(AGENT_SESSION_RESET_COMMAND_RE);
   if (!resetCommandMatch || !params.requestedSessionKey) {
     return { ...base, stop: false, accepted: false };
   }
@@ -77,7 +82,7 @@ export async function runAgentResetPhase(params: {
     params.respond(
       false,
       undefined,
-      errorShape(ErrorCodes.INVALID_REQUEST, `missing scope: ${ADMIN_SCOPE}`),
+      missingScopeErrorShape({ missingScope: ADMIN_SCOPE, requiredScopes: [ADMIN_SCOPE] }),
     );
     return { ...base, stop: true, accepted: false };
   }
diff --git a/src/gateway/server-methods/nodes.invoke-wake.test.ts b/src/gateway/server-methods/nodes.invoke-wake.test.ts
index 311868b489df..ffa1516e8273 100644
--- a/src/gateway/server-methods/nodes.invoke-wake.test.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/server-methods/nodes.invoke-wake.test.ts
@@ -703,7 +703,15 @@ describe("node.invoke APNs wake path", () => {
 
     const call = firstRespondCall(respond);
     expect(call[0]).toBe(false);
-    expect(call[2]?.message).toContain("missing scope: operator.admin");
+    expect(call[2]).toMatchObject({
+      code: "FORBIDDEN",
+      message: "missing scope: operator.admin",
+      details: {
+        code: "MISSING_SCOPE",
+        missingScope: "operator.admin",
+        requiredScopes: ["operator.admin"],
+      },
+    });
     expect(nodeRegistry.invoke).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
   });
 
diff --git a/src/gateway/server-methods/nodes.ts b/src/gateway/server-methods/nodes.ts
index f2e0c5c327a8..dc88d0f6884a 100644
--- a/src/gateway/server-methods/nodes.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/server-methods/nodes.ts
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ import {
   removePairedDeviceRole,
 } from "../../infra/device-pairing.js";
 import { formatErrorMessage } from "../../infra/errors.js";
-import { NODE_ADMIN_ONLY_INVOKE_COMMANDS } from "../../infra/node-commands.js";
+import { isAdminOnlyNodeInvokeCommand } from "../../infra/node-commands.js";
 import {
   approveNodePairing,
   getPendingNodePairing,
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ import {
   refreshRemoteNodeBins,
   removeRemoteNodeInfo,
 } from "../../skills/runtime/remote.js";
+import { isForbiddenBrowserProxyMutation } from "../node-browser-proxy-policy.js";
 import { createKnownNodeCatalog, getKnownNode, listKnownNodes } from "../node-catalog.js";
 import {
   isForegroundRestrictedPluginNodeCommand,
@@ -84,7 +85,6 @@ import {
   type DeviceManagementAuthz,
 } from "./device-management-authz.js";
 import { emitDeviceManagementSecurityEvent } from "./device-management-security.js";
-import { isForbiddenBrowserProxyMutation } from "./node-browser-proxy.js";
 import { buildNodeCommandRejectionHint } from "./node-command-rejection-hint.js";
 import { nodeInvokePolicy } from "./nodes-policy.js";
 import {
@@ -118,7 +118,6 @@ const TALK_PTT_COMMANDS = new Set([
   "talk.ptt.cancel",
   "talk.ptt.once",
 ]);
-const ADMIN_ONLY_NODE_INVOKE_COMMANDS = new Set<string>(NODE_ADMIN_ONLY_INVOKE_COMMANDS);
 const talkPttEventSeqBySessionId = new Map<string, number>();
 
 type NodeWakeNudgeAttempt = {
@@ -1451,13 +1450,13 @@ export const nodeHandlers: GatewayRequestHandlers = {
       return;
     }
     if (
-      ADMIN_ONLY_NODE_INVOKE_COMMANDS.has(command) &&
+      isAdminOnlyNodeInvokeCommand(command) &&
       !nodeInvokePolicy.clientHasOperatorAdminScope(client)
     ) {
       respond(
         false,
         undefined,
-        errorShape(ErrorCodes.INVALID_REQUEST, `missing scope: ${ADMIN_SCOPE}`),
+        missingScopeErrorShape({ missingScope: ADMIN_SCOPE, requiredScopes: [ADMIN_SCOPE] }),
       );
       return;
     }
diff --git a/src/gateway/server-methods/talk.ts b/src/gateway/server-methods/talk.ts
index 3eac8b773a3f..6f085fcee956 100644
--- a/src/gateway/server-methods/talk.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/server-methods/talk.ts
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import {
   ErrorCodes,
   errorShape,
   formatValidationErrors,
+  missingScopeErrorShape,
   type TalkSpeakParams,
   validateTalkCatalogParams,
   validateTalkConfigParams,
@@ -51,7 +52,7 @@ import {
   synthesizeSpeech,
   type TtsDirectiveOverrides,
 } from "../../tts/tts.js";
-import { ADMIN_SCOPE, TALK_SECRETS_SCOPE } from "../operator-scopes.js";
+import { ADMIN_SCOPE, READ_SCOPE, TALK_SECRETS_SCOPE } from "../operator-scopes.js";
 import { resolveConfiguredSecretInputString } from "../resolve-configured-secret-input-string.js";
 import { formatForLog } from "../ws-log.js";
 import { inferSpeechMimeType } from "./speech-mime.js";
@@ -727,7 +728,10 @@ export const talkHandlers: GatewayRequestHandlers = {
       respond(
         false,
         undefined,
-        errorShape(ErrorCodes.INVALID_REQUEST, `missing scope: ${TALK_SECRETS_SCOPE}`),
+        missingScopeErrorShape({
+          missingScope: TALK_SECRETS_SCOPE,
+          requiredScopes: [READ_SCOPE, TALK_SECRETS_SCOPE],
+        }),
       );
       return;
     }
diff --git a/src/gateway/server.agent.gateway-server-agent-b.test.ts b/src/gateway/server.agent.gateway-server-agent-b.test.ts
index 15bd03ba5356..c2dd8bd96f6e 100644
--- a/src/gateway/server.agent.gateway-server-agent-b.test.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/server.agent.gateway-server-agent-b.test.ts
@@ -502,7 +502,15 @@ describe("gateway server agent", () => {
         idempotencyKey: "idem-agent-write-reset",
       });
       expect(viaAgent.ok).toBe(false);
-      expect(viaAgent.error?.message).toContain("missing scope: operator.admin");
+      expect(viaAgent.error).toMatchObject({
+        code: "FORBIDDEN",
+        message: "missing scope: operator.admin",
+        details: {
+          code: "MISSING_SCOPE",
+          missingScope: "operator.admin",
+          requiredScopes: ["operator.admin"],
+        },
+      });
 
       const stored = loadSessionEntry({ sessionKey: "agent:main:main", storePath });
       expect(stored?.sessionId).toBe("sess-main-before-write-reset");
diff --git a/src/gateway/server.node-invoke-approval-bypass.test.ts b/src/gateway/server.node-invoke-approval-bypass.test.ts
index 094b4b0b06ee..36fe05cb9963 100644
--- a/src/gateway/server.node-invoke-approval-bypass.test.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/server.node-invoke-approval-bypass.test.ts
@@ -618,7 +618,15 @@ describe("node.invoke approval bypass", () => {
         idempotencyKey: crypto.randomUUID(),
       });
       expect(directProxy.ok).toBe(false);
-      expect(directProxy.error?.message ?? "").toContain("missing scope: operator.admin");
+      expect(directProxy.error).toMatchObject({
+        code: "FORBIDDEN",
+        message: "missing scope: operator.admin",
+        details: {
+          code: "MISSING_SCOPE",
+          missingScope: "operator.admin",
+          requiredScopes: ["operator.admin"],
+        },
+      });
       await expectNoForwardedInvoke(() => sawInvoke);
     } finally {
       ws.close();
@@ -674,7 +682,14 @@ describe("node.invoke approval bypass", () => {
         idempotencyKey: crypto.randomUUID(),
       });
       expect(directList.ok).toBe(false);
-      expect(directList.error?.message ?? "").toContain("missing scope: operator.admin");
+      expect(directList.error).toMatchObject({
+        code: "FORBIDDEN",
+        details: {
+          code: "MISSING_SCOPE",
+          missingScope: "operator.admin",
+          requiredScopes: ["operator.admin"],
+        },
+      });
       await expectNoForwardedInvoke(() => sawInvoke);
     } finally {
       ws.close();
diff --git a/src/gateway/server.talk-config.test.ts b/src/gateway/server.talk-config.test.ts
index c2b04ea1d43a..211c11a0d3a7 100644
--- a/src/gateway/server.talk-config.test.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/server.talk-config.test.ts
@@ -290,7 +290,15 @@ describe("gateway talk.config", () => {
     await withTalkConfigConnection(["operator.read"], async (ws) => {
       const res = await fetchTalkConfig(ws, { includeSecrets: true });
       expect(res.ok).toBe(false);
-      expect(res.error?.message).toContain("missing scope: operator.talk.secrets");
+      expect(res.error).toMatchObject({
+        code: "FORBIDDEN",
+        message: "missing scope: operator.talk.secrets",
+        details: {
+          code: "MISSING_SCOPE",
+          missingScope: "operator.talk.secrets",
+          requiredScopes: ["operator.read", "operator.talk.secrets"],
+        },
+      });
     });
   });
 
diff --git a/src/infra/node-commands.ts b/src/infra/node-commands.ts
index 6dd1c0359b18..98cf5f2b59ac 100644
--- a/src/infra/node-commands.ts
+++ b/src/infra/node-commands.ts
@@ -24,18 +24,18 @@ export const NODE_EXEC_APPROVALS_COMMANDS = [
 ] as const;
 
 // Direct node.invoke and pairing approval share this admin-only subset.
-export const NODE_ADMIN_ONLY_INVOKE_COMMANDS = [
+const NODE_ADMIN_ONLY_INVOKE_COMMANDS = [
   NODE_BROWSER_PROXY_COMMAND,
   NODE_FS_LIST_DIR_COMMAND,
   NODE_TERMINAL_UPLOAD_COMMAND,
 ] as const;
 
-// Pairing also protects commands whose execution uses a separate gated path.
-export const NODE_ADMIN_PAIR_APPROVAL_COMMANDS = [
-  ...NODE_SYSTEM_RUN_COMMANDS,
-  ...NODE_ADMIN_ONLY_INVOKE_COMMANDS,
-  ...NODE_EXEC_APPROVALS_COMMANDS,
-] as const;
+const NODE_ADMIN_ONLY_INVOKE_COMMAND_SET = new Set<string>(NODE_ADMIN_ONLY_INVOKE_COMMANDS);
+
+/** Returns true when direct node invocation crosses an admin-only host boundary. */
+export function isAdminOnlyNodeInvokeCommand(command: unknown): boolean {
+  return typeof command === "string" && NODE_ADMIN_ONLY_INVOKE_COMMAND_SET.has(command);
+}
 
 export const NODE_MCP_TOOL_CALL_TIMEOUT_MS = 120_000;
 export const NODE_MCP_TOOL_CALL_GATEWAY_TIMEOUT_MS = NODE_MCP_TOOL_CALL_TIMEOUT_MS + 5_000;
diff --git a/src/infra/node-pairing-authz.test.ts b/src/infra/node-pairing-authz.test.ts
index 75c8e620feb2..4889720204f1 100644
--- a/src/infra/node-pairing-authz.test.ts
+++ b/src/infra/node-pairing-authz.test.ts
@@ -1,12 +1,21 @@
 // Covers scope requirements for node pairing approvals.
 import { describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
 import {
-  NODE_ADMIN_ONLY_INVOKE_COMMANDS,
-  NODE_ADMIN_PAIR_APPROVAL_COMMANDS,
+  NODE_BROWSER_PROXY_COMMAND,
   NODE_EXEC_APPROVALS_COMMANDS,
+  NODE_FS_LIST_DIR_COMMAND,
+  NODE_SYSTEM_RUN_COMMANDS,
+  NODE_TERMINAL_UPLOAD_COMMAND,
+  isAdminOnlyNodeInvokeCommand,
 } from "./node-commands.js";
 import { resolveNodePairApprovalScopes } from "./node-pairing-authz.js";
 
+const ADMIN_ONLY_INVOKE_COMMANDS = [
+  NODE_BROWSER_PROXY_COMMAND,
+  NODE_FS_LIST_DIR_COMMAND,
+  NODE_TERMINAL_UPLOAD_COMMAND,
+] as const;
+
 describe("resolveNodePairApprovalScopes", () => {
   it("requires operator.admin for system.run commands", () => {
     expect(resolveNodePairApprovalScopes(["system.run"])).toEqual([
@@ -15,7 +24,7 @@ describe("resolveNodePairApprovalScopes", () => {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it.each(NODE_ADMIN_PAIR_APPROVAL_COMMANDS)(
+  it.each([...NODE_SYSTEM_RUN_COMMANDS, ...ADMIN_ONLY_INVOKE_COMMANDS])(
     "requires operator.admin for %s commands",
     (command) => {
       expect(resolveNodePairApprovalScopes([command])).toEqual([
@@ -25,10 +34,8 @@ describe("resolveNodePairApprovalScopes", () => {
     },
   );
 
-  it("keeps every direct-invoke admin command admin-gated at pairing", () => {
-    for (const command of NODE_ADMIN_ONLY_INVOKE_COMMANDS) {
-      expect(NODE_ADMIN_PAIR_APPROVAL_COMMANDS).toContain(command);
-    }
+  it.each(ADMIN_ONLY_INVOKE_COMMANDS)("classifies %s as admin-only at invocation", (command) => {
+    expect(isAdminOnlyNodeInvokeCommand(command)).toBe(true);
   });
 
   it("keeps dedicated exec-approval commands admin-gated at pairing", () => {
diff --git a/src/infra/node-pairing-authz.ts b/src/infra/node-pairing-authz.ts
index 77a5b736064a..797db45a6d11 100644
--- a/src/infra/node-pairing-authz.ts
+++ b/src/infra/node-pairing-authz.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 // Maps node pairing command declarations to required operator scopes.
-import { NODE_ADMIN_PAIR_APPROVAL_COMMANDS } from "./node-commands.js";
+import {
+  NODE_EXEC_APPROVALS_COMMANDS,
+  NODE_SYSTEM_RUN_COMMANDS,
+  isAdminOnlyNodeInvokeCommand,
+} from "./node-commands.js";
 
 /** Operator scopes required to approve a pending node pairing surface. */
 export type NodeApprovalScope = "operator.pairing" | "operator.write" | "operator.admin";
@@ -8,16 +12,20 @@ const OPERATOR_PAIRING_SCOPE: NodeApprovalScope = "operator.pairing";
 const OPERATOR_WRITE_SCOPE: NodeApprovalScope = "operator.write";
 const OPERATOR_ADMIN_SCOPE: NodeApprovalScope = "operator.admin";
 
+function isAdminPairApprovalCommand(command: string): boolean {
+  return (
+    isAdminOnlyNodeInvokeCommand(command) ||
+    NODE_SYSTEM_RUN_COMMANDS.some((allowed) => allowed === command) ||
+    NODE_EXEC_APPROVALS_COMMANDS.some((allowed) => allowed === command)
+  );
+}
+
 /** Map declared node commands to the least operator scopes needed for approval. */
 export function resolveNodePairApprovalScopes(commands: unknown): NodeApprovalScope[] {
   const normalized = Array.isArray(commands)
     ? commands.filter((command): command is string => typeof command === "string")
     : [];
-  if (
-    normalized.some((command) =>
-      NODE_ADMIN_PAIR_APPROVAL_COMMANDS.some((allowed) => allowed === command),
-    )
-  ) {
+  if (normalized.some(isAdminPairApprovalCommand)) {
     return [OPERATOR_PAIRING_SCOPE, OPERATOR_ADMIN_SCOPE];
   }
   if (normalized.length > 0) {
diff --git a/test/vitest/vitest.shared.config.ts b/test/vitest/vitest.shared.config.ts
index 324b5b6f435a..b6e63f43422c 100644
--- a/test/vitest/vitest.shared.config.ts
+++ b/test/vitest/vitest.shared.config.ts
@@ -231,6 +231,16 @@ export const sharedVitestConfig = {
         find: "@openclaw/gateway-protocol/frame-guards",
         replacement: path.join(repoRoot, "packages", "gateway-protocol", "src", "frame-guards.ts"),
       },
+      {
+        find: "@openclaw/gateway-protocol/gateway-error-details",
+        replacement: path.join(
+          repoRoot,
+          "packages",
+          "gateway-protocol",
+          "src",
+          "gateway-error-details.ts",
+        ),
+      },
       {
         find: "@openclaw/gateway-protocol/schema",
         replacement: path.join(repoRoot, "packages", "gateway-protocol", "src", "schema.ts"),
diff --git a/tsconfig.json b/tsconfig.json
index 3ae4507e03a4..cc80f03f7560 100644
--- a/tsconfig.json
+++ b/tsconfig.json
@@ -75,6 +75,9 @@
       "@openclaw/gateway-protocol/connect-error-details": [
         "./packages/gateway-protocol/src/connect-error-details.ts"
       ],
+      "@openclaw/gateway-protocol/gateway-error-details": [
+        "./packages/gateway-protocol/src/gateway-error-details.ts"
+      ],
       "@openclaw/gateway-protocol/frame-guards": [
         "./packages/gateway-protocol/src/frame-guards.ts"
       ],
diff --git a/ui/src/lib/gateway-errors.test.ts b/ui/src/lib/gateway-errors.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..c2b7c53b0e93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui/src/lib/gateway-errors.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
+import { isMissingOperatorReadScopeError } from "./gateway-errors.ts";
+
+function gatewayRequestError(params: { code: string; message: string; details?: unknown }): Error {
+  return Object.assign(new Error(params.message), {
+    name: "GatewayRequestError",
+    code: params.code,
+    gatewayCode: params.code,
+    details: params.details,
+  });
+}
+
+describe("gateway error helpers", () => {
+  it("classifies structured read-scope failures without message parsing", () => {
+    expect(
+      isMissingOperatorReadScopeError(
+        gatewayRequestError({
+          code: "FORBIDDEN",
+          message: "permission denied",
+          details: {
+            code: "MISSING_SCOPE",
+            missingScope: "operator.read",
+            requiredScopes: ["operator.read"],
+          },
+        }),
+      ),
+    ).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it("keeps compatibility with legacy scope messages and detail codes", () => {
+    expect(
+      isMissingOperatorReadScopeError(
+        gatewayRequestError({
+          code: "INVALID_REQUEST",
+          message: "missing scope: operator.read",
+        }),
+      ),
+    ).toBe(true);
+    expect(
+      isMissingOperatorReadScopeError(
+        gatewayRequestError({
+          code: "INVALID_REQUEST",
+          message: "unauthorized",
+          details: { code: "AUTH_UNAUTHORIZED" },
+        }),
+      ),
+    ).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it("does not confuse another missing scope with operator.read", () => {
+    expect(
+      isMissingOperatorReadScopeError(
+        gatewayRequestError({
+          code: "FORBIDDEN",
+          message: "missing scope: operator.questions",
+          details: {
+            code: "MISSING_SCOPE",
+            missingScope: "operator.questions",
+            requiredScopes: ["operator.questions"],
+          },
+        }),
+      ),
+    ).toBe(false);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/ui/src/lib/gateway-errors.ts b/ui/src/lib/gateway-errors.ts
index f43b3a5e95ac..6c87d60b71d9 100644
--- a/ui/src/lib/gateway-errors.ts
+++ b/ui/src/lib/gateway-errors.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 // Control UI shared Gateway error helpers.
+import { readMissingScopeError } from "@openclaw/gateway-client/browser";
 import { ConnectErrorDetailCodes } from "../../../packages/gateway-protocol/src/connect-error-details.js";
 import { resolveGatewayErrorDetailCode } from "../api/gateway.ts";
 
@@ -9,13 +10,12 @@ export function isMissingOperatorReadScopeError(err: unknown): boolean {
   if (!(err instanceof Error) || err.name !== "GatewayRequestError") {
     return false;
   }
+  if (readMissingScopeError(err)?.missingScope === "operator.read") {
+    return true;
+  }
   const detailCode = resolveGatewayErrorDetailCode(err as { details?: unknown });
-  // AUTH_UNAUTHORIZED is the current server signal for scope failures in RPC responses.
-  // The message-based branch catches responses that do not include a structured detail code yet.
-  return (
-    detailCode === ConnectErrorDetailCodes.AUTH_UNAUTHORIZED ||
-    err.message.includes("missing scope: operator.read")
-  );
+  // Older gateways sometimes reused the connect-time authorization detail for RPC failures.
+  return detailCode === ConnectErrorDetailCodes.AUTH_UNAUTHORIZED;
 }
 
 export function formatMissingOperatorReadScopeMessage(feature: string): string {