diff --git a/src/agents/subagents/spawn/subagent-spawn-child-plan.ts b/src/agents/subagents/spawn/subagent-spawn-child-plan.ts
index 7b802f339ac3..ab3def62a13f 100644
--- a/src/agents/subagents/spawn/subagent-spawn-child-plan.ts
+++ b/src/agents/subagents/spawn/subagent-spawn-child-plan.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,12 @@ import { isIncognitoSessionKey } from "../../../routing/session-key.js";
 import { resolveUserPath } from "../../../utils.js";
 import { resolveAgentDir } from "../../agent-scope-config.js";
 import { findModelCatalogEntry } from "../../model-catalog-lookup.js";
-import { resolveDefaultModelForAgent } from "../../model-selection.js";
+import type { ModelCatalogEntry } from "../../model-catalog.types.js";
+import {
+  findNormalizedProviderValue,
+  resolveAllowedModelRef,
+  resolveDefaultModelForAgent,
+} from "../../model-selection.js";
 import { supportsModelTools } from "../../model-tool-support.js";
 import { summarizeSpawnError } from "../../spawn-pipeline.js";
 import { resolveSpawnSandboxError, mintSpawnSessionKey } from "../../spawn-plan.js";
@@ -26,7 +31,6 @@ import {
   readRequesterThinkingLevel,
 } from "./subagent-spawn-requester-prefs.js";
 import {
-  loadPreparedModelCatalog,
   normalizeDeliveryContext,
   resolveAgentConfig,
   resolveSandboxRuntimeStatus,
@@ -47,24 +51,23 @@ function buildResolvedSubagentModelMetadata(resolvedModel?: string): {
   };
 }
 
-async function resolveCollectorOutputModelError(params: {
+async function resolveSpawnModelError(params: {
   cfg: OpenClawConfig;
   targetAgentId: string;
   targetAgentDir: string;
   workspaceDir?: string;
+  request: SpawnSubagentParams;
   resolvedModel?: string;
 }): Promise<string | undefined> {
-  const selected = splitModelRef(params.resolvedModel);
-  const fallback = resolveDefaultModelForAgent({
-    cfg: params.cfg,
-    agentId: params.targetAgentId,
-  });
-  const provider = selected.provider ?? fallback.provider;
-  const model = selected.model ?? fallback.model;
-  if (!provider || !model) {
+  const { cfg, targetAgentId } = params;
+  const requestedModel = normalizeOptionalString(params.request.model);
+  if (!requestedModel && !params.request.outputSchema) {
     return undefined;
   }
-  let catalog: Awaited<ReturnType<typeof loadPreparedModelCatalog>>;
+  const defaults = resolveDefaultModelForAgent({ cfg, agentId: targetAgentId });
+  const selected = splitModelRef(params.resolvedModel);
+  const provider = selected.provider ?? defaults.provider;
+  let catalog: ModelCatalogEntry[];
   try {
     catalog = await getSubagentSpawnDeps().loadPreparedModelCatalog({
       config: params.cfg,
@@ -75,13 +78,53 @@ async function resolveCollectorOutputModelError(params: {
       scopedLiveProviderDiscovery: true,
     });
   } catch (error) {
-    return `sessions_spawn could not verify outputSchema model capabilities: ${summarizeSpawnError(error)}`;
+    return `sessions_spawn could not verify ${requestedModel ? "the requested model" : "outputSchema model capabilities"}: ${summarizeSpawnError(error)}`;
   }
-  const entry = findModelCatalogEntry(catalog, { provider, modelId: model });
-  if (!entry || supportsModelTools(entry)) {
-    return undefined;
+
+  if (!requestedModel) {
+    const model = selected.model ?? defaults.model;
+    const entry = model && findModelCatalogEntry(catalog, { provider, modelId: model });
+    return entry && !supportsModelTools(entry)
+      ? `sessions_spawn outputSchema requires a tool-capable target model; "${provider}/${model}" declares compat.supportsTools=false.`
+      : undefined;
   }
-  return `sessions_spawn outputSchema requires a tool-capable target model; "${provider}/${model}" declares compat.supportsTools=false.`;
+  const selection = {
+    cfg,
+    catalog,
+    defaultProvider: defaults.provider,
+    defaultModel: defaults.model,
+    agentId: targetAgentId,
+  };
+  const resolved = resolveAllowedModelRef({
+    ...selection,
+    raw: requestedModel,
+  });
+  if ("error" in resolved) {
+    return `sessions_spawn model "${requestedModel}" is not usable: ${resolved.error}`;
+  }
+
+  const entry = findModelCatalogEntry(catalog, {
+    provider: resolved.ref.provider,
+    modelId: resolved.ref.model,
+  });
+  if (!entry) {
+    const resolvedProvider = resolved.ref.provider;
+    const knownProvider =
+      findNormalizedProviderValue(cfg.models?.providers, resolvedProvider) ||
+      catalog.some((catalogEntry) => catalogEntry.provider === resolvedProvider) ||
+      getSubagentSpawnDeps().resolveProviderRefOwnership({
+        provider: resolvedProvider,
+        config: cfg,
+        workspaceDir: params.workspaceDir,
+      }).status === "owned";
+    if (!knownProvider) {
+      return `sessions_spawn model "${requestedModel}" is not usable: unknown model provider "${resolvedProvider}"`;
+    }
+  }
+  if (params.request.outputSchema && entry && !supportsModelTools(entry)) {
+    return `sessions_spawn outputSchema requires a tool-capable target model; "${resolved.ref.provider}/${resolved.ref.model}" declares compat.supportsTools=false.`;
+  }
+  return undefined;
 }
 
 type ResolvedSubagentChildPlan = {
@@ -221,6 +264,24 @@ export async function resolveSubagentChildPlan(params: {
     };
   }
   const { resolvedModel } = modelPlan;
+  const modelError = await resolveSpawnModelError({
+    cfg: params.cfg,
+    targetAgentId: params.targetAgentId,
+    targetAgentDir,
+    workspaceDir: spawnedWorkspaceDir,
+    request: params.request,
+    resolvedModel,
+  });
+  if (modelError) {
+    return {
+      ok: false,
+      result: {
+        status: "error",
+        error: modelError,
+        ...(params.request.outputSchema ? { childSessionKey } : {}),
+      },
+    };
+  }
   const resolvedLaunchModel = splitModelRef(resolvedModel);
   const launchAuthorization: SubagentLaunchAuthorization | undefined =
     params.request.model?.trim() && resolvedLaunchModel.model
@@ -231,21 +292,6 @@ export async function resolveSubagentChildPlan(params: {
           },
         }
       : undefined;
-  if (params.request.outputSchema) {
-    const outputModelError = await resolveCollectorOutputModelError({
-      cfg: params.cfg,
-      targetAgentId: params.targetAgentId,
-      targetAgentDir,
-      workspaceDir: spawnedWorkspaceDir,
-      resolvedModel,
-    });
-    if (outputModelError) {
-      return {
-        ok: false,
-        result: { status: "error", error: outputModelError, childSessionKey },
-      };
-    }
-  }
   return {
     ok: true,
     resolved: {
diff --git a/src/agents/subagents/spawn/subagent-spawn-deps.ts b/src/agents/subagents/spawn/subagent-spawn-deps.ts
index e5e6b5c44d14..78ec90f9da2d 100644
--- a/src/agents/subagents/spawn/subagent-spawn-deps.ts
+++ b/src/agents/subagents/spawn/subagent-spawn-deps.ts
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import {
   getRuntimeConfig,
   hasInProcessGatewayContext,
   loadPreparedModelCatalog,
+  resolveProviderRefOwnership,
   resolveContextEngine,
 } from "./subagent-spawn.runtime.js";
 
@@ -20,6 +21,7 @@ type SubagentSpawnDeps = {
   hasInProcessGatewayContext: typeof hasInProcessGatewayContext;
   ensureContextEnginesInitialized: typeof ensureContextEnginesInitialized;
   loadPreparedModelCatalog: typeof loadPreparedModelCatalog;
+  resolveProviderRefOwnership: typeof resolveProviderRefOwnership;
   resolveContextEngine: typeof resolveContextEngine;
 };
 
@@ -32,6 +34,7 @@ const defaultSubagentSpawnDeps: SubagentSpawnDeps = {
   hasInProcessGatewayContext,
   ensureContextEnginesInitialized,
   loadPreparedModelCatalog,
+  resolveProviderRefOwnership,
   resolveContextEngine,
 };
 
diff --git a/src/agents/subagents/spawn/subagent-spawn.runtime.ts b/src/agents/subagents/spawn/subagent-spawn.runtime.ts
index 65b9059dc477..70e54e3ca43a 100644
--- a/src/agents/subagents/spawn/subagent-spawn.runtime.ts
+++ b/src/agents/subagents/spawn/subagent-spawn.runtime.ts
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ export {
 export { getSessionBindingService } from "../../../infra/outbound/session-binding-service.js";
 export { resolveGatewaySessionStoreTarget } from "../../../gateway/session-utils.js";
 export { getGlobalHookRunner } from "../../../plugins/hook-runner-global.js";
+export { resolveProviderRefOwnership } from "../../../plugins/providers.js";
 export { emitSessionLifecycleEvent } from "../../../sessions/session-lifecycle-events.js";
 export {
   mergeDeliveryContext,
diff --git a/src/agents/subagents/spawn/subagent-spawn.test-helpers.ts b/src/agents/subagents/spawn/subagent-spawn.test-helpers.ts
index 06e256f2b1cf..ce88d6c31062 100644
--- a/src/agents/subagents/spawn/subagent-spawn.test-helpers.ts
+++ b/src/agents/subagents/spawn/subagent-spawn.test-helpers.ts
@@ -134,6 +134,7 @@ export async function loadSubagentSpawnModuleForTest(params: {
   getRuntimeConfig?: () => Record<string, unknown>;
   loadSessionStoreMock?: MockFn;
   loadPreparedModelCatalogMock?: MockFn;
+  resolveProviderRefOwnershipMock?: MockFn;
   ensureContextEnginesInitializedMock?: MockFn;
   updateSessionStoreMock?: MockFn;
   forkSessionEntryFromParentMock?: MockFn;
@@ -268,6 +269,11 @@ export async function loadSubagentSpawnModuleForTest(params: {
       createSubagentSpawnTestConfig(params.workspaceDir ?? os.tmpdir()),
     loadPreparedModelCatalog: (...args: unknown[]) =>
       params.loadPreparedModelCatalogMock?.(...args) ?? [],
+    resolveProviderRefOwnership: (...args: unknown[]) =>
+      params.resolveProviderRefOwnershipMock?.(...args) ?? {
+        status: "owned",
+        pluginIds: ["test-provider"],
+      },
     loadSessionEntry: (scope: { storePath?: string; sessionKey: string }) =>
       ((params.loadSessionStoreMock?.(scope.storePath) ?? {}) as SessionStore)[scope.sessionKey],
     loadSessionStore: params.loadSessionStoreMock ?? (() => ({})),
diff --git a/src/agents/subagents/spawn/subagent-spawn.test.ts b/src/agents/subagents/spawn/subagent-spawn.test.ts
index 1dbd645ea0c3..aef4f017f851 100644
--- a/src/agents/subagents/spawn/subagent-spawn.test.ts
+++ b/src/agents/subagents/spawn/subagent-spawn.test.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import { createRequireRecord } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/test-fixtures";
 import { afterEach, beforeAll, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
 import type { OpenClawConfig } from "../../../config/types.openclaw.js";
 import { resolveIncognitoOpenClawAgentSqlitePath } from "../../../state/openclaw-agent-db.paths.js";
+import { resolveUserPath } from "../../../utils.js";
 import { installAcceptedSubagentGatewayMock } from "../../test-helpers/subagent-gateway.js";
 import { testing as swarmSchedulerTesting } from "../swarm/swarm-scheduler.test-support.js";
 import {
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@ const hoisted = vi.hoisted(() => ({
     throw new Error("full model catalog should not materialize");
   }),
   loadPreparedModelCatalogMock: vi.fn(),
+  resolveProviderRefOwnershipMock: vi.fn(),
   updateSessionStoreMock: vi.fn(),
   registerSubagentRunMock: vi.fn(),
   startQueuedSubagentRunMock: vi.fn(),
@@ -73,6 +75,13 @@ function firstRegisteredSubagentRun(): Record<string, unknown> {
   return requireRecord(hoisted.registerSubagentRunMock.mock.calls[0]?.[0]);
 }
 
+function expectNoChildSpawnSideEffects(): void {
+  expect(hoisted.updateSessionStoreMock).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  expect(hoisted.registerSubagentRunMock).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  expect(hoisted.callGatewayMock).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  expect(hoisted.emitSessionLifecycleEventMock).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+}
+
 type InheritedSpawnPreferenceCase = {
   name: string;
   task: string;
@@ -164,6 +173,7 @@ describe("spawnSubagentDirect seam flow", () => {
       getRuntimeConfig: () => hoisted.configOverride,
       loadSessionStoreMock: hoisted.loadSessionStoreMock,
       loadPreparedModelCatalogMock: hoisted.loadPreparedModelCatalogMock,
+      resolveProviderRefOwnershipMock: hoisted.resolveProviderRefOwnershipMock,
       updateSessionStoreMock: hoisted.updateSessionStoreMock,
       registerSubagentRunMock: hoisted.registerSubagentRunMock,
       startQueuedSubagentRunMock: hoisted.startQueuedSubagentRunMock,
@@ -187,6 +197,10 @@ describe("spawnSubagentDirect seam flow", () => {
     hoisted.loadSessionStoreMock.mockReset();
     hoisted.loadFullModelCatalogMock.mockClear();
     hoisted.loadPreparedModelCatalogMock.mockReset().mockResolvedValue([]);
+    hoisted.resolveProviderRefOwnershipMock.mockReset().mockReturnValue({
+      status: "owned",
+      pluginIds: ["test-provider"],
+    });
     hoisted.updateSessionStoreMock.mockReset();
     hoisted.registerSubagentRunMock.mockReset();
     hoisted.startQueuedSubagentRunMock.mockReset().mockReturnValue(true);
@@ -515,6 +529,219 @@ describe("spawnSubagentDirect seam flow", () => {
     });
   });
 
+  it("rejects an explicit non-allowlisted model before creating child state", async () => {
+    hoisted.configOverride = createConfigOverride({
+      agents: {
+        defaults: {
+          workspace: os.tmpdir(),
+          modelPolicy: { allow: ["openai/gpt-5.4"] },
+        },
+        list: [{ id: "main", workspace: "/tmp/workspace-main" }],
+      },
+    });
+    hoisted.loadPreparedModelCatalogMock.mockResolvedValue([
+      { provider: "openai", id: "gpt-5.4", name: "GPT-5.4" },
+      {
+        provider: "anthropic",
+        id: "claude-sonnet-4-6",
+        name: "Claude Sonnet 4.6",
+      },
+    ]);
+
+    const result = await spawnSubagentDirect(
+      { task: "must honor model policy", model: "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-6" },
+      { agentSessionKey: "agent:main:main" },
+    );
+
+    expect(result.status).toBe("error");
+    expect(result.error).toContain("model not allowed: anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-6");
+    expectNoChildSpawnSideEffects();
+  });
+
+  it("rejects an unknown-provider model under unrestricted policy before creating child state", async () => {
+    hoisted.resolveProviderRefOwnershipMock.mockReturnValue({ status: "unowned" });
+    hoisted.loadPreparedModelCatalogMock.mockResolvedValue([
+      { provider: "openai", id: "gpt-5.4", name: "GPT-5.4" },
+    ]);
+
+    const result = await spawnSubagentDirect(
+      { task: "do not substitute an unknown provider", model: "unknown-provider/gpt-5.4" },
+      { agentSessionKey: "agent:main:main" },
+    );
+
+    expect(result.status).toBe("error");
+    expect(result.error).toContain('unknown model provider "unknown-provider"');
+    expectNoChildSpawnSideEffects();
+  });
+
+  it("does not treat ambiguous provider ownership as runnable", async () => {
+    hoisted.resolveProviderRefOwnershipMock.mockReturnValue({
+      status: "ambiguous",
+      pluginIds: ["provider-a", "provider-b"],
+    });
+
+    const result = await spawnSubagentDirect(
+      { task: "do not guess an owner", model: "ambiguous-provider/gpt-5.4" },
+      { agentSessionKey: "agent:main:main" },
+    );
+
+    expect(result.status).toBe("error");
+    expect(result.error).toContain('unknown model provider "ambiguous-provider"');
+    expectNoChildSpawnSideEffects();
+  });
+
+  it("accepts a catalog-missing model from a known provider under unrestricted policy", async () => {
+    hoisted.loadPreparedModelCatalogMock.mockResolvedValue([
+      { provider: "openai", id: "gpt-5.4", name: "GPT-5.4" },
+    ]);
+
+    const result = await spawnSubagentDirect(
+      { task: "use a newly released model", model: "openai/gpt-new" },
+      { agentSessionKey: "agent:main:main" },
+    );
+
+    expect(result).toMatchObject({
+      status: "accepted",
+      modelApplied: true,
+      resolvedModel: "openai/gpt-new",
+      resolvedProvider: "openai",
+    });
+    expect(hoisted.resolveProviderRefOwnershipMock).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it("accepts a catalog-missing model known only through provider ownership", async () => {
+    hoisted.loadPreparedModelCatalogMock.mockResolvedValue([]);
+
+    const result = await spawnSubagentDirect(
+      { task: "use a plugin-owned provider", model: "plugin-provider/new-model" },
+      { agentSessionKey: "agent:main:main" },
+    );
+
+    expect(result).toMatchObject({
+      status: "accepted",
+      resolvedModel: "plugin-provider/new-model",
+      resolvedProvider: "plugin-provider",
+    });
+    expect(hoisted.resolveProviderRefOwnershipMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+      provider: "plugin-provider",
+      config: hoisted.configOverride,
+      workspaceDir: resolveUserPath("/tmp/workspace-main"),
+    });
+  });
+
+  it("accepts a catalog-missing model from a configured custom provider", async () => {
+    hoisted.configOverride = createConfigOverride({
+      models: {
+        providers: {
+          loopback: {
+            api: "openai-completions",
+            baseUrl: "http://127.0.0.1:43123/v1",
+            models: [],
+          },
+        },
+      },
+    });
+    hoisted.resolveProviderRefOwnershipMock.mockReturnValue({ status: "unowned" });
+
+    const result = await spawnSubagentDirect(
+      { task: "use the configured loopback provider", model: "loopback/new-model" },
+      { agentSessionKey: "agent:main:main" },
+    );
+
+    expect(result).toMatchObject({
+      status: "accepted",
+      modelApplied: true,
+      resolvedModel: "loopback/new-model",
+      resolvedProvider: "loopback",
+    });
+  });
+
+  it.each([
+    { policy: "exact", allow: ["future-provider/new-model"] },
+    { policy: "provider wildcard", allow: ["future-provider/*"] },
+  ])("rejects an unowned catalog-missing ref under a strict $policy policy", async ({ allow }) => {
+    hoisted.configOverride = createConfigOverride({
+      agents: {
+        defaults: {
+          workspace: os.tmpdir(),
+          modelPolicy: { allow },
+        },
+        list: [{ id: "main", workspace: "/tmp/workspace-main" }],
+      },
+    });
+    hoisted.resolveProviderRefOwnershipMock.mockReturnValue({ status: "unowned" });
+
+    const result = await spawnSubagentDirect(
+      { task: "do not launch an unowned provider", model: "future-provider/new-model" },
+      { agentSessionKey: "agent:main:main" },
+    );
+
+    expect(result.status).toBe("error");
+    expect(result.error).toContain('unknown model provider "future-provider"');
+    expect(hoisted.resolveProviderRefOwnershipMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+      provider: "future-provider",
+      config: hoisted.configOverride,
+      workspaceDir: resolveUserPath("/tmp/workspace-main"),
+    });
+    expectNoChildSpawnSideEffects();
+  });
+
+  it.each([
+    {
+      name: "alias",
+      model: "fast",
+      models: { "openai/gpt-5.4": { alias: "fast" } },
+    },
+    {
+      name: "bare model ref",
+      model: "gpt-5.4",
+      models: { "openai/gpt-5.4": {} },
+    },
+  ])("validates an explicit $name through the target policy", async ({ model, models }) => {
+    hoisted.configOverride = createConfigOverride({
+      agents: {
+        defaults: { workspace: os.tmpdir(), models },
+        list: [{ id: "main", workspace: "/tmp/workspace-main" }],
+      },
+    });
+    hoisted.loadPreparedModelCatalogMock.mockResolvedValue([
+      { provider: "openai", id: "gpt-5.4", name: "GPT-5.4" },
+    ]);
+
+    const result = await spawnSubagentDirect(
+      { task: `use ${model}`, model },
+      { agentSessionKey: "agent:main:main" },
+    );
+
+    expect(result).toMatchObject({ status: "accepted", modelApplied: true });
+  });
+
+  it("does not load the model catalog for an implicit default", async () => {
+    const result = await spawnSubagentDirect(
+      { task: "inherit the default model" },
+      { agentSessionKey: "agent:main:main" },
+    );
+
+    expect(result.status).toBe("accepted");
+    expect(hoisted.loadPreparedModelCatalogMock).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(hoisted.resolveProviderRefOwnershipMock).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it("rejects an explicit model when catalog validation fails without creating child state", async () => {
+    hoisted.loadPreparedModelCatalogMock.mockRejectedValue(new Error("catalog unavailable"));
+
+    const result = await spawnSubagentDirect(
+      { task: "validate before launch", model: "openai/gpt-5.4" },
+      { agentSessionKey: "agent:main:main" },
+    );
+
+    expect(result.status).toBe("error");
+    expect(result.error).toContain(
+      "sessions_spawn could not verify the requested model: catalog unavailable",
+    );
+    expectNoChildSpawnSideEffects();
+  });
+
   it("aborts a collector cancelled while its gateway launch is in flight", async () => {
     hoisted.configOverride = createConfigOverride({ tools: { swarm: true } });
     hoisted.startQueuedSubagentRunMock.mockReturnValue(false);
@@ -1062,10 +1289,11 @@ describe("spawnSubagentDirect seam flow", () => {
     expect(rejected.status).toBe("error");
     expect(rejected.error).toContain("requires a tool-capable target model");
     expect(hoisted.loadFullModelCatalogMock).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(hoisted.loadPreparedModelCatalogMock).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
     expect(hoisted.loadPreparedModelCatalogMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
       config: hoisted.configOverride,
       agentDir: expect.any(String),
-      workspaceDir: "/tmp/workspace-main",
+      workspaceDir: resolveUserPath("/tmp/workspace-main"),
       readOnly: true,
       providerDiscoveryProviderIds: ["openai"],
       scopedLiveProviderDiscovery: true,
@@ -1710,7 +1938,7 @@ describe("spawnSubagentDirect seam flow", () => {
     const childSessionKey = result.childSessionKey as string;
     const childEntry = persistedStore?.[childSessionKey];
     expect(childEntry?.spawnedWorkspaceDir).toBe("/tmp/requester-workspace");
-    expect(childEntry?.spawnedCwd).toBe("/tmp/task-repo");
+    expect(childEntry?.spawnedCwd).toBe(resolveUserPath("/tmp/task-repo"));
 
     const agentRequest = gatewayRequest("agent");
     const agentParams = requireRecord(agentRequest.params);